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The grain morphology and the formation of aggregates was evaluated by electron microscope Tescan MIRA 3.
Positive effect of intensifiers is observed by higher proportion of fine grains in 10 minutes of milling, or smaller volume of agglomerates after 60 minutes of milling.
Positive effect of intensifiers is observed by higher proportion of fine grains in 10 minutes of milling, or smaller volume of agglomerates after 60 minutes of milling.
Effectiveness in slowing agglomeration of grains was indirectly proven by slowdown in reduction of the specific surface area after additional milling time.
Acknowledgement This work was financially supported by project number: 15-08755S “Study of effects of samples preparation on inorganic binders final properties” and project No.

The as-deposited films are structurally metastable, and are consisted of fined-grained solid solutions with enlarged solubility limits.
As the samples become richer in titanium the number of peaks corresponding to the (Mg) phase decrease and they become broader.
The grain size of the samples varies from about 1µm for 100 at.% Mg to less than 100nm for Mg31Ti69.
Heat treatment of both films leads to an increase of their structural order, i.e. a grain growth occurs with temperature.
Films with the intermediate compositions have the lowest degree of structural order (smallest grain size).

This means that the deformation is not the same for all grains, which can cause also diffraction line broadening [2].
Line profile, grain size, microstrain.
The angular ‘half-width’ � consists of twoterms, depending on 1/cos( jQ ) and tg( jQ ) to account for grain size combined with radiation spectral width and microstrain broadening, respectively.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 Total intensity.
Non-symmetrical reflections are much broader with respect to the symmetrical ones, which may be the indication of anisotropic grain size or microstrain along the surface

However, the CS method has several problems such as high energy consumption and yielding large grains.
In order to reduces the energy costs with desirable properties, microwave sintering (MWS) has been utilized due to its rapid volumetric heating and grain growth prohibition of ceramics [6].
To further confirm that the material is homogeneous, EDS spectra are recorded from a number of grains in P-72173 sample, and an example is shown in Fig.4.
Clearly, Pr, Sr, Ca, Co, Fe, O and C are detected, and composition variations between grains are insignificant.

In every scan size a number of three images were used for the parameter evaluation.
A significant bow artifact is imposed on the raw images which renders the differences in the grain sizes and distributions of the thin films unrecognizable.
It is clear that the surface roughness of thin films #2 and #3 are quite close to each other and that these two thin films cannot be distinguished identically using only Ra and RRMS although they present a clear difference in their polycrystalline gold grain structure, as can be seen in Fig. 2 A) and B).
The effect of the background patterns is more significant at larger scan areas as the grain feature size/scan area ratio decreases.
The small differences originate from the improved localization factor evaluator method which optimizes the sampling window size, taking into consideration the grain size/scan area ratio.

In addition, although the pure titanium has the excellent mechanical properties in macro forming, it might deteriorate with scaling down to micro scale due to the grain size effect.
It is because the ductility and tensile strength decreases because the number of grain size along the thickness decreases [4].
The drawn micro cups are smaller than the rice grain.
Chan, Geometry and Grain Size Effects on the Fracture Behavior of Sheet Metal in Micro-Scale Plastic Deformation, Materials and Design, 32, (2011), 4738-4746

Moreover, increase in sintering temperature has caused the grain growth which affect the porosity and the number of grain boundaries to decrease [7].
Other researcher also has stated that by using different amount mass of filler to apply at the sample will shows the different hardness value if compare with the sample without filler because of finer grain have higher hardness. the researcher also state that the porosity which decreases the hardness plays the dominant role [10].
The zinc concentration in ZnxFe3-xO4 composition, where it shows higher crystallinity and caused the composite become more harden due to the distance between particles become smaller and the grains size is increase by the effect of sintering temperature.

This compound has been prepared by using solid state reaction, the critical temperature was within 110 K, and the samples clearly showes the metallic behavior at the normal state, scanning electron micrograph (SEM) images showed that the addition decreased the grain boundary and increases the grains size [14].
It is necessary to produce higher number of high peaks in comparable to low peaks to insure the presence of high temperature superconductor.
This may be due to the irregularity grain and grain boundary at this sintering temperature, causing a deformation of the crystal structure.

.% Al2O3 abrasive with W10 grain size and de-ionized water, and (3) substrates lapped with slurry consisting of 10wt.% Al2O3 abrasive with W2.5 grain size and de-ionized water, corresponding to the processes of the MgO substrates preparation before polishing at present.
The dislocation slip layer under the fracture layer is composed of large numbers of dislocation pits.
The dislocation slip occurs on the easy slip planes under the intense shear stress caused by the grains in machining process.
In fine lapping process, the load of abrasive grains on the surface is smaller than the critical load leading to the cracks, so there is no formation of cracks and fractures.

Introduction Currently there is lot of interest pertaining to processes involving Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) as these processes offers the possibility of production of ultra fine grained microstructures in bulk quantities.
In this approach large amount of plastic strain is imparted to a specimen to produce an ultra fine grained high strength material.
The initial average grain size of the material was found to be 50µm.
Further work is underway to establish the effects on workability after larger number of ECAP passes and other processing routes.
In the annealed condition, the average grain size was 50 µm and after the first pass and second pass ECAP, it reduced to 25 and 14 µm respectively.