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Online since: September 2013
Authors: Qian Wen Gou
Choosing 2010-2011 listed company in pollution industry, and excluding ST and data incomplete companies, 152 samples was selected.
Waste reduction, resources and energy efficiency improvement, environmental mission statements had the highest occurrence.
Mission statement 0.41 0.67 0.54 Waste reduction 0.67 0.59 0.63 Planning and rules 0.46 0.47 0.46 resources efficiency 0.68 0.45 0.57 Staff training 0.41 0.38 0.39 Green process 0.52 0.47 0.50 Dedicated funds 0.49 0.24 0.36 Green research 0.42 0.47 0.45 Certification 0.47 0.10 0.28 Recycling 0.43 0.37 0.40 Environmental department 0.34 0.14 0.24 Pollution Monitoring 0.36 0.18 0.27 Risk Analysis 0.30 0.17 0.24 Green working 0.22 0.13 0.18 Green supplier 0.28 0.17 0.23 Green materials 0.17 0.11 0.14 Appraisal and reward 0.25 0.16 0.21 Ecological restoration 0.16 0.05 0.11 Environmental Coalition 0.20 0.03 0.11 Green market 0.07 0.11 0.09 Environmental charity 0.07 0.08 0.07 Environmental cost 0.16 0.02 0.08 Green business development 0.06 0.02 0.04 Use of clean energy 0.09 0.08 0.08 Notes.
Second, we chose list companies reports as the main data resource, providing another choice beside the main existing research based on theory analysis and case study.
Waste reduction, resources and energy efficiency improvement, environmental mission statements had the highest occurrence.
Mission statement 0.41 0.67 0.54 Waste reduction 0.67 0.59 0.63 Planning and rules 0.46 0.47 0.46 resources efficiency 0.68 0.45 0.57 Staff training 0.41 0.38 0.39 Green process 0.52 0.47 0.50 Dedicated funds 0.49 0.24 0.36 Green research 0.42 0.47 0.45 Certification 0.47 0.10 0.28 Recycling 0.43 0.37 0.40 Environmental department 0.34 0.14 0.24 Pollution Monitoring 0.36 0.18 0.27 Risk Analysis 0.30 0.17 0.24 Green working 0.22 0.13 0.18 Green supplier 0.28 0.17 0.23 Green materials 0.17 0.11 0.14 Appraisal and reward 0.25 0.16 0.21 Ecological restoration 0.16 0.05 0.11 Environmental Coalition 0.20 0.03 0.11 Green market 0.07 0.11 0.09 Environmental charity 0.07 0.08 0.07 Environmental cost 0.16 0.02 0.08 Green business development 0.06 0.02 0.04 Use of clean energy 0.09 0.08 0.08 Notes.
Second, we chose list companies reports as the main data resource, providing another choice beside the main existing research based on theory analysis and case study.
Online since: November 2013
Authors: Mohsen Izadinia, Arash Khosravi, Amir Mahdi Moslemi, Mohaddeseh Heydari
Deterioration of hardened Portland cement paste by gypsum formation goes through a process that, at first leads to reduction of stiffness and strength, then to expansion and cracking, and eventually transformation of concrete into a mushy or non-cohesive mass[9].
The data on the weight loss of concrete specimens exposed to sulfate solution are schematically presented as a function of the exposure time in Fig 3.
This data indicates that the weight loss of concretes decreased due to an increase in the weight of specimens upon exposure to the test solution compared with their initial weights.
Thinning of pore size of cement paste, compact of hydration productions phase and reduction of unfavorable crystal phase leads to an increase in resistance to ion diffusion.
The data on the weight loss of concrete specimens exposed to sulfate solution are schematically presented as a function of the exposure time in Fig 3.
This data indicates that the weight loss of concretes decreased due to an increase in the weight of specimens upon exposure to the test solution compared with their initial weights.
Thinning of pore size of cement paste, compact of hydration productions phase and reduction of unfavorable crystal phase leads to an increase in resistance to ion diffusion.
Online since: January 2015
Authors: Evgeniya Guzhva, Irina Drozdova
A necessity to change directions of state participation in the management of multi-flat residential stock has been revealed and the measures have been proposed to change the forms of its participation in management: obscuring the exclusive responsibility from the state in maintaining the residential stock and enhancing the function of social protection of the people, enhancing the function of regulating prices of natural monopolies, composing standards of services quality and measures on promoting reduction of expenditures.
Not counting the indirect taxes and net export, or expect them equal to zero for clarity, the inputs-outputs balance can be presented in the form of formula 2: , (2) The identity possibilities help carry out certain calculations based on the data from experts (А.Aganbegyan, D.А.Fomin, G.I.Khanin) [4, 5].
The data of calculating demand for partial investments in 2003 are presented in Tab. 2.
The most important direction of the state activity is a considerable reduction of budgetary grants and subsidies to the residential sphereе and inducing private investments in it.
Not counting the indirect taxes and net export, or expect them equal to zero for clarity, the inputs-outputs balance can be presented in the form of formula 2: , (2) The identity possibilities help carry out certain calculations based on the data from experts (А.Aganbegyan, D.А.Fomin, G.I.Khanin) [4, 5].
The data of calculating demand for partial investments in 2003 are presented in Tab. 2.
The most important direction of the state activity is a considerable reduction of budgetary grants and subsidies to the residential sphereе and inducing private investments in it.
Online since: November 2014
Authors: Jin Feng Pang, Min Xu
Introduction
"Hyogo Framework for Action" published by 2005 World Conference on Disaster Reduction proposed a statement of "natural disaster-related disasters" for the first time instead of "natural disaster" statement, since many consequences after natural disasters could be often related to human factors.
Although the nature and intensity of disasters are related to the manner of natural disasters, they are also associated with the population distribution, vulnerability, contingency plans and disaster reduction measures, so that the severity of disaster is determined by human behavior to a great extent [1].
Data analysis.
The data were processed with SPSSl7.0 statistical software.
Although the nature and intensity of disasters are related to the manner of natural disasters, they are also associated with the population distribution, vulnerability, contingency plans and disaster reduction measures, so that the severity of disaster is determined by human behavior to a great extent [1].
Data analysis.
The data were processed with SPSSl7.0 statistical software.
Online since: September 2016
Authors: B.O. Bolshakov, E. Domracheva, F.F. Musin
The first step involved the following: (1) quenching in water from the temperature of homogenization, (2) rolling at room temperature with a 70 % reduction, (3) recrystallization annealing at T=475 °C for 1h with subsequent quenching in water.
The second step in the processing procedure comprised (1) rolling at room temperature with an 80 % reduction.
To evaluate the reproducibility of experimental data, at least two samples for each testing strain rate were pulled to failure at different strain rate at 500 °C (Fig. 5b).
With a rise in the temperature, the volume fraction of the pores strongly increases and approaches a value of about 25.3% at 520oC (see Table 2 where the data for areas located at 1 mm from the fracture surface are presented).
The second step in the processing procedure comprised (1) rolling at room temperature with an 80 % reduction.
To evaluate the reproducibility of experimental data, at least two samples for each testing strain rate were pulled to failure at different strain rate at 500 °C (Fig. 5b).
With a rise in the temperature, the volume fraction of the pores strongly increases and approaches a value of about 25.3% at 520oC (see Table 2 where the data for areas located at 1 mm from the fracture surface are presented).
Online since: June 2012
Authors: Gang Chen, Yang Yang, Yi Qun Wang
In the study, the eccentricity fluctuation of the upper and lower backup roll of the roll mill was calculated by use of the data signals (rolling force, screwdown cylinder displacement, rolling speed and exit thickness, etc.) that were collected in the rolling process.
Principles of roll extraction method based on comprehensive signal processing The principles of the roll extraction method based on comprehensive signal processing relied primarily on the experimental data from the first stander of the 1450 4/6 high cold rolling mill of five standers.
Figure 1 shows the noise reduction-wave filter signals processing of the roll mill by the wavelet threshold denoising reduction method.
Principles of roll extraction method based on comprehensive signal processing The principles of the roll extraction method based on comprehensive signal processing relied primarily on the experimental data from the first stander of the 1450 4/6 high cold rolling mill of five standers.
Figure 1 shows the noise reduction-wave filter signals processing of the roll mill by the wavelet threshold denoising reduction method.
Online since: January 2013
Authors: Chih Keng Chen, Chih Jer Lin, Tri Vien Vu, Chih Wei Hung
With the capable of regenerative braking, parallel HHV can help to achieve up to 40% fuel economy improvement [2]–[8] while that one of Series HHV (SHHV) is up to 85% and more than 30% of CO2 emission reduction for urban application due to its more flexible of engine power management ability [2]–[9].
The central controller monitors the driver’s acceleration and braking commands, and collects the currents measured data, the engine angular speed, the wheel angular speed and the pressure at the inlet port of accumulator A1 as inputs from the actual vehicle.
Experiment data for engine, such as BSFC map and Pollution Emission map, should be used to estimate the fuel consumption, the emission.
The fuel economy improvement and the emission reduction of the system should be established when the system works with difference driving cycles.
The central controller monitors the driver’s acceleration and braking commands, and collects the currents measured data, the engine angular speed, the wheel angular speed and the pressure at the inlet port of accumulator A1 as inputs from the actual vehicle.
Experiment data for engine, such as BSFC map and Pollution Emission map, should be used to estimate the fuel consumption, the emission.
The fuel economy improvement and the emission reduction of the system should be established when the system works with difference driving cycles.
Online since: September 2015
Authors: Lyudmila Kazakova, Felix Byk
On the basis of data from the accidents logs, the average failure rates have been calculated for the spans of 35 kV and 110 kV overhead power lines belonging to the companies considered [2].
It should be noted that even 1% efficiency reduction may result in additional 80-hours power supply interruption for consumers.
The volume of reconstruction in accordance with economic constraints Electrical network companies U, [kV] Composite cross-arm Composite pylon The number of spans The number of spans “Chechenenergo” 35 221 104 110 328 168 Ingush branch 35 14 6 North Ossetian branch 110 70 36 In [4] it is shown that the replacement of conventional cross-arms with insulators by composite cross-arms can lead to failures reduction within the span up to 30% in 110 kV networks of and 20% in 35 kV networks.
The result of the simulated reconstruction Electrical network companies Type of reconstruction Composite cross-arm Composite pylon U, [kV] 35 110 35 110 “Chechenenergo” 0.981593 0.859363 0.981716 0.858907 0.990987 0.870576 0.991108 0.870114 Dynamics 3.278% 5.334% 4.583% 4.996% Ingush branch 0.994340 -* 0.994336 -* 0.996608 -* 0.996604 -* Dynamics 0.790% -* 0.664% -* North Ossetian branch -* 0.901629 -* 0.901543 -* 0.912810 -* 0.912723 Dynamics -* 1.364% -* 1.266% * - the available source information is not sufficient in the public domain to calculate the values The obtained data allows us to compare the effectiveness of each approach and to choose the best ways from the standpoint of the distribution networks reliability improvement.
It should be noted that even 1% efficiency reduction may result in additional 80-hours power supply interruption for consumers.
The volume of reconstruction in accordance with economic constraints Electrical network companies U, [kV] Composite cross-arm Composite pylon The number of spans The number of spans “Chechenenergo” 35 221 104 110 328 168 Ingush branch 35 14 6 North Ossetian branch 110 70 36 In [4] it is shown that the replacement of conventional cross-arms with insulators by composite cross-arms can lead to failures reduction within the span up to 30% in 110 kV networks of and 20% in 35 kV networks.
The result of the simulated reconstruction Electrical network companies Type of reconstruction Composite cross-arm Composite pylon U, [kV] 35 110 35 110 “Chechenenergo” 0.981593 0.859363 0.981716 0.858907 0.990987 0.870576 0.991108 0.870114 Dynamics 3.278% 5.334% 4.583% 4.996% Ingush branch 0.994340 -* 0.994336 -* 0.996608 -* 0.996604 -* Dynamics 0.790% -* 0.664% -* North Ossetian branch -* 0.901629 -* 0.901543 -* 0.912810 -* 0.912723 Dynamics -* 1.364% -* 1.266% * - the available source information is not sufficient in the public domain to calculate the values The obtained data allows us to compare the effectiveness of each approach and to choose the best ways from the standpoint of the distribution networks reliability improvement.
Online since: October 2004
Authors: John F. Humphreys, M.J. Ashton
Samples for channel die plane strain compression (PSC) were homogenised for 13 hrs at
300°C, cold rolled to 50 % reduction and recrystallised to give a grain size of 200 - 300 µm.
In-situ specimens were homogenised for 3 hrs at 500°C, cold rolled to 75 % reduction and recrystallized to a grain size of ~100 µm.
EBSD maps were obtained using HKL acquisition software and the data analysed using Vmap software [14] in the form of cumulative misorientation graphs obtained from misorientation linescans and calculations of orientation spread (uncorrelated misorientation) within specified areas of the microstructure.
Fig.7a shows data from the grain interiors, which indicates a significant drop in orientation spread with increasing Mg content, and this is consistent with the micrographs and EBSD maps discussed earlier.
In-situ specimens were homogenised for 3 hrs at 500°C, cold rolled to 75 % reduction and recrystallized to a grain size of ~100 µm.
EBSD maps were obtained using HKL acquisition software and the data analysed using Vmap software [14] in the form of cumulative misorientation graphs obtained from misorientation linescans and calculations of orientation spread (uncorrelated misorientation) within specified areas of the microstructure.
Fig.7a shows data from the grain interiors, which indicates a significant drop in orientation spread with increasing Mg content, and this is consistent with the micrographs and EBSD maps discussed earlier.
Online since: October 2002
Authors: César A.C. Sequeira, N.R. Sousa, P.M.R. Borges, Vitor Magueijo, P.S.D. Brito
HSE) (1)
Simultaneously the hydrogen reduction occurs as a secondary reaction:
2He2H2
�
�
�+ + E
0 = 0.00 V (2)
The reduction rate is related with the ion bulk concentration by equation 3 [1, 2]:
j
Lj
j
R
j
C
k
k
1V
kA
r �
�
�
�
�
� +� �
=
E
0j ekk
�
�
�= (3, 4)
where kLj is the mass transfer coefficient, Cj is the bulk concentration and kj is the reaction kinetic constant.
The fitting of the model to experimental data is shown in Fig. 2. 0 4 8 12 16 20 0 25 50 75 100 t / min [Cd] / g/l Experimental Model a) 0 4 8 12 16 20 0 25 50 75 100 t / min [Cd] / g/l Experimental Model b) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 50 100 150 t / min [Cd] / g/lExperimental Model c) Figure 2 Fitting of experimental values for the experiments a) 5, b) 6 and c) 7 The following values for the mass transfer coefficient and the kinetic constant parameter, were obtained from the above referred fittings: Table 2 Experimental values of kLCd and kCd Experiment kLCd (m s -1) Data ranges of kCd (m s -1) 5 2.0 × 10-6 108 to 1014 6 4.2 × 10-6 1024 to 1028 8 7.8 × 10-6 1018 to 1040 Using equation 6 to determine kL under the experimental conditions (D = 8,96 × 10-3 m, DCd = 7,19 × 10-10 m 2 s -1 and u = 2,72 × 10-2 m s -1 , � = 1,00 ×103 Kg m -3 and µ = 1,00 × 10-3 Pa�s) the following results were obtained: Re = 104
The fitting of the model to experimental data is shown in Fig. 2. 0 4 8 12 16 20 0 25 50 75 100 t / min [Cd] / g/l Experimental Model a) 0 4 8 12 16 20 0 25 50 75 100 t / min [Cd] / g/l Experimental Model b) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 50 100 150 t / min [Cd] / g/lExperimental Model c) Figure 2 Fitting of experimental values for the experiments a) 5, b) 6 and c) 7 The following values for the mass transfer coefficient and the kinetic constant parameter, were obtained from the above referred fittings: Table 2 Experimental values of kLCd and kCd Experiment kLCd (m s -1) Data ranges of kCd (m s -1) 5 2.0 × 10-6 108 to 1014 6 4.2 × 10-6 1024 to 1028 8 7.8 × 10-6 1018 to 1040 Using equation 6 to determine kL under the experimental conditions (D = 8,96 × 10-3 m, DCd = 7,19 × 10-10 m 2 s -1 and u = 2,72 × 10-2 m s -1 , � = 1,00 ×103 Kg m -3 and µ = 1,00 × 10-3 Pa�s) the following results were obtained: Re = 104