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The work material was zirconia block used for dental restoration which properties as shown in table 1.
The response variable is an unknown function of the former design variables, which are also known as design factors.
In this experiment, the cutting speed, feed rate, width of cut and depth of cut were chosen as design factors as mentioned earlier.
Three levels were specified for each of the factors as indicated in Table2.
“Microstructural characterization and comparative evaluation of physical, mechanical and biological properties of three ceramics for metal–ceramic restorations”, Journal of Dental materials, 2008

Different surface structures of the metal tubes, such as sandblasting, knurling and laser structuring, were systematically tested regarding to their properties as an adhesion promoter.
In all of these processes, the surface properties achieved were optically surveyed in a non-destructive manner by means of the 3D laser measurement system Keyence VK 9700.
Statistical design of experiments was carried out both to minimise the number of tests and to recognise the potential interactions among the possible influencing factors.
Tempering of tubes does not significantly affect the bonding strength relating to shear strength.
Hage Jr., Mechanical and failure behavior of hybrid polymer-metal staked joints, Materials and Design 46 (2013), 338-347 [2] A.

Still there is a lack of study on 3D microstructure of tin-based Babbitt to visualize and quantify the microstructure properties such as the size, volume, morphology and distribution.
To eliminate the influence of subjective factors, the selecting region was taken in the middle of the specimen as shown in Fig. 2.
And secondly, the thickness between the sections is an important factor for accurate reconstructed microstructure.
Even in the same cooling method, the cooling speed direction, to a greater or lesser extent, will affect the growth of grains.
Chawla, 3D microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of constituent particles in Al 7075 alloys using X-ray synchrotron tomography and nanoindentation, J.

CGAP provides advanced capabilities for crack growth analyses, including crack growth in notch-affected plastic zones, and for probabilistic crack growth analyses.
CGAP provides advanced capabilities for crack growth analyses, including crack growth in notch-affected plastic zones, and for probabilistic crack growth analyses.
To support the easy and consistent access to material properties for strain-life and crack growth analyses, CGAP provides a substantive database.
The constraint factors, which represent the level of out-of-plane constraint applied by the surrounding material to the in-plane plastic deformation at a crack tip, determined from the calibration were then used to predict the crack growth behaviours for 51.7 MPa and 138 MPa, respectively.
CGAP contains a substantive database for material properties that are required for strain-life analyses and crack growth analyses.

Nowadays, it becomes more challengeable to the research of the characteristics of short cracks because the performance of short cracks is affected more by the microstructure than long cracks [1, 2].
It is the main factor that the discontinuous shear strain affects the crack initiation.
Numerical Simulation on the Short Crack Initiation of LZ50 Axle Steel By the mechanical properties, a numerical analysis is pre-conducted with the finite element model of the specimen based on the triangular-wave loading block.
(a) N=5000 (b) N=6000 Fig.2 the short cracks in the microstructure Conclusion Based on the microstructure of LZ50 axle steel for railway vehicles, the mechanical properties and the probabilistic fatigue S-N curve, the short crack initiation in LZ50 is investigated by numerical simulation.
(3) In the uniaxial tensile-compressive loading case, the crack inclination is mainly affected by the direction of loading and the maximum plane is about 45° to the loading direction.

Scale Effect of Phenomenon is due to physical quantities in microcosmic and macrocosmic affect systems in different degree.
Other scale effects are caused by physical properties change.
Those physical properties include many kinds of physical characteristics. [3.4.5].
Microelectro Mechanical System and Technology.
Leuven, 1998: 1516-1521 [4] Meng Guang, Wenming Zhang, Mirco-Electro-Mechanical System Dynamics.

In view of this, researchers at home and abroad turn to waste tire modified cement concrete doing various studies containing mechanical properties of rubber concrete, fire resistance and contractile properties.
The mechanical properties of concrete can be further improved by adding silica fume.
(4) The inhibition mechanism of scrap tire rubber to steel slag deformation shows complexity because of steel slag expansion affecting long-term characteristics and the complexity of factors.
Wang, Experiment on Mechanical Properties of Crumb Rubber Concrete, J.
Ferraris, Workability, mechanical properties, and chemical stability of a recycled tyre rubber-filled cementitious composite, J.

In automatic processing,tool wear directly affects the mechanical processing quality and efficiency, it is necessary to monitor realtime tool wear [1,4]; the study [2] have shown that tool wear increase with the increase of spindle motor current; the paper [3] has established mathematical model between the spindle motor current and cutting parameters.
Therefore, spindle motor current’s changes by online monitoring can indirectly deduce the wear of the tool[4], This detection method is easy to apply simply and conveniently and fastly, and has anti-interference ability, and does not affect the environmental of processing and the normal use of the machine.
TNL-500 CNC lathe (made in Korea) is selected as the test tool, 40Cr alloy steel whose chemical composition shown in Table 1 is used as try cutting specimen materials, because Chromium steel has good mechanical properties and impact toughness, grade YT14, model 31305A carbide turning tools is fit to cut and no cutting fluid is used to cool.
The orthogonal experimental design is reasonable because this test is a four-factor three-level orthogonal test.
spindle speed n feed rate vf cutting depth ap tool diameter d [r/min] [mm/min] [mm] [mm] 1 200 20 2 14 2 300 30 3 16 3 400 40 4 18 The difference between the mathematical model built and the actual model exists inevitably because of the influence of test conditions and other factors, it is necessary for the accuracy or reliability of the results to use the method of statistical tests.

One specific advance of titanium alloys is that a wide range of microstructural options can be produced by thermomechanical processing and heat treatment, permitting to tailor the fatigue properties as well as to balance the fatigue properties with other design limiting properties (strength, stiffness, fracture toughness, etc.).
For α+β alloys as well as for the β alloys, the mechanical properties, which are relevant for a particular application, are optimized or balanced to a large extent through microstructural control.
During cooling from the βrecrystallization temperature, extensive grain boundary α-layers are formed (Fig. 2a), which have a negative influence on ductility and fracture toughness because such zones have lower mechanical properties as compared to the lamellar matrix, thus leading to intergranular fracture [14].
The propagation behaviour of microcracks in this stage (flat crack front) is controlled by the fracture properties at the crack tip (fracture stress, ductility).
In the β titanium alloys, the most important microstructural parameter affecting the microcrack propagation resistance is the β grain size: microstructures with small β grain sizes (bimodal) show the best performances in terms of inherent fracture properties.

The cyclical effect of these factors in the casting process contributes to the growth of heat cracks on the forming surfaces, which directly affects the quality of the surfaces of the resulting castings [4].
At the same time, these coatings provide a slowdown in the growth of cracks, both in the mold material and in the coating, due to high strength properties and the level of residual compressive stresses, but the effectiveness of multi-element coatings is different and depends on their properties.
This feature allows you to expand the possibility of using coatings in terms of obtaining properties that meet various requirements.
Thus, if we take into account all the factors described above, it is possible to form a coating in which the lower layer will have increased strength properties that reduce the wear of the forming surface, both at high and low intake speeds.
Hekimoǧlu, Relationships between mechanical and tribological properties of Zn-15Al-based ternary and quaternary alloys, International Journal of Materials Research. 107(7) (2016) 646-652