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As stated by the Hall-Petch equation, the strength of all polycrystalline materials increases with a reduction in the grain size.
The experiments were conducted using this alloy which was solution-treated at 683K for 24h, followed by conventional extrusion at 548K with a reduction ratio of 4:1.
The load and displacement data were recorded throughout each test and subsequently converted to plots of engineering stress and engineering strain.

To get the fire resistance of structural elements from accumulated data such as mechanical, thermal properties at high temperatures, and numerous fire tests, a scientific method was developed from European nations [2].
When the structural stabilities of beam such as deflections and reduction of maximum load capacity at high temperatures are calculated, it is essential to know an exact value of the mechanical properties at high temperatures [5-6] and the properties from SM 520 and SM 570 are shown in Table 2.
Conclusions The research on structural stabilities such as deflection and reduction of maximum load for high strength structural steels is rare.

A computer simulation of JBS diodes, shown in Fig. 4 together with the experimental data, takes the current spreading effect into consideration [4] and gives the theoretical specific on resistance of 23.3m·Ωcm 2.
The total diode turn-off energy loss is reduced from 12.1mJ for Si PIN to 8.5mJ for SiC JBS shown in Fig. 6(a), which is a 30% power loss reduction in the diode turn-off operation.
With the Si PIN module or the SiC JBS package serving as a freewheeling diode the IGBT turn-on losses shown in Fig. 6(b) are 398mJ and 314mJ respectively, which corresponds to a 21% reduction of the turn-on power loss during IGBT operation with SiC JBS package.

Jin Qian, Feiyue Ye and Ping Lv proposed an incremental attribute reduction algorithm in decision table [3], Wang Zhihai put out the knowledge acquisition method based on the concept lattice incremental algorithm[4].
An incremental attribute reduction algorithm in decision table Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery , 10-12 Aug. 2010, pp1848 – 1852
Advances in Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining[M].

The cyclic voltammogram of blue gold film on ITO electrode exhibit the characteristic oxidation and subsequent reduction peaks of Au (Figure 1).
The result is consistent with the UV-vis spectrometric data.
Since the significant reduction in the overpotential for deposition following the first scan, subsequent growth occurs predominantly at the deposited gold sites rather than onto the bare ITO surface [10].

.% at NiW alloys, Transition of copper type to brass type texture was observed in the rolling texture which was attributed to the reduction in stacking fault energy, The important consequence of this texture transition is on the recrystallisation cube texture, whose fraction decreases sharply at W contents > 5% [3].
The samples were subsequently cold-rolled to a final thickness of 80 μm, corresponding to 98% rolling reduction.
The EBSP data were used to construct orientation image maps.

According to the monitoring data, when the rainfall is 200mm, the groundwater level is shown in fig 2.
The reduction of the coefficient follows each mechanics calculation step.
The fig 5(a) and fig 5(b) show that with the same water table level, the reduction permeability is beneficial to the slope stability.

The reduction of costs or energy and precursor materials plays a fundamental role in the large-scale applicability of these methods.
In all the experiments the source electrodes were disposed to work both, via cathodic reduction as well as anodic oxidation.
X rays powder diffraction data were collected in continuous mode conditions with a conventional diffractometer Rigaku MiniFlex II, using λCuKα radiation and fixed monochromator.

The increase in amorphous phase is substantiated by calculating the crystallite size using Scherrer’s Length formula, given as follows: (2) where, λ = 1.54056 Ǻ for Cu Kα line d = the full width at half maximum of an x-ray diffraction peak and θ = the corresponding Bragg angle Table 1 lists the conductivity data together with the crystallite size of selected samples of the polymer electrolyte.
Apart from that, increase in amorphous nature caused a reduction in the energy barrier to the segmental motion of the polymer electrolyte [17], as a result of which ionic motion is enhanced resulting in high conductivity.
The increase in conductivity is due to reduction in crystallite size upon addition of salt as proven by XRD analysis.

We can observe the formation of SnO2 crystal structures from XRD data of fig. 5.
Brown, “Characterization of optical, chemical, and structural changes upon reduction of sol–gel deposited SnO2 thin films for optical gas sensing at high temperatures,” Thin Solid Films, vol. 520, no. 19, pp. 6243–6249, Jul. 2012
Sabri, “Co-synthesis of ZnO/SnO2 mixed nanowires via a single-step carbothermal reduction method,” Ceram.