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Manufacturing of ceramic inserts includes a large number of operations and one of the most important operations is an abrasive treatment.
Analysis of the planetary scheme of flat grinding demonstrated considerable reserves of reducing the process thermal stress and as a consequence - reducing the number of defects in the surface layer of the ceramic inserts.
These actions help to implement more efficient use of the cutting ability of grains and disposal of grinding waste.
In the experiments modes of planetary grinding process and face grinding process have been widely varied, the characteristics of diamond wheels left unchanged (wheels made from synthetic diamond AC6 with grain size 80/63 and ceramic bond K5 have been used).
It is apparently due to the fact that thickness of cut, attributable to a single diamond grain, decreases.

A large number of achievements were obtained.
The amorphous/nanocrystalline hydrogen storage materials prepared by high energy ball milling has a large number of defects and grain boundaries.
Ball milling has the benefits of reducing the grain size, increasing the defect concentration and shortening the diffusion path.
The characteristics required for hydrogen storage include high purity of the powders, lack of oxides on their surface to enhance hydrogen adsorption/desorption processes, fine powders for increased reaction area, and nanocrystalline grains for faster diffusion rates.
In order to enhance the kinetics of hydrogenation, it is desirable to have agglomerates of fine powders with very small grain size.

(10) In which, Ms is the simulated value of M, df is the degree of freedom and n is the number of data points.
This behavior may be due to the decrease in the total number of active sites for water binding as a result of physical and chemical changes induced by temperature.
Mascheroni, Sorption isotherms for amaranth grains, Journal of Food Engineering. 67 (2005) 441–450
Pollio, Grain sorption equilibrium of quinoa grains, Journal of Food Engineering. 61 (2004) 365–371
Milliken, Summarizing and reporting equilibrium moisture data for grains, ASAE, Michigan, USA, 1976, pp. 76-352

The origin of their remarkable behaviour has been attributed to ultrafine-grained microstructures that are considered to develop after sufficiently large strains.
As this heavily deformed material has been shown to have exceptionally high superplastic ductility [2,3], it is essential to establish whether its remarkable mechanical properties relate to a microstructure that could be described as ultrafine-grained or as a deformation structure.
Numbers show the percentage of misorientations less than 10° and less than 15°; (b) fractions of low angle boundaries in five individual regions.
Material Deformation technique Number of passes & temperature Characterization technique Fraction of HABs [%] Al-5.5Mg-2.2Li-0.12Zr ECAE (B) 8 at 400°C + 4 at 200°C TEM 58 Al-3Mg-2Li-0.16Zr-0.17Ti [15] ECAE (A) 15 at 250°C EBSD (>1.5°) 69 AA1100 [16] ARB 6 at 200°C TEM 52 AA1100 [17] ARB 10 at 80°C EBSD (>1.5°) 50-70 Considering the high strain rate superplasticity reported for Al-5.5Mg-2.2Li-0.12Zr, the present results suggest that the microstructure does not necessarily have to be subdivided into grains completely surrounded by high angle boundaries in order to achieve superplastic deformation.
Considering that this material has been found to demonstrate superplastic deformation, the present results indicate that the microstructure does not necessarily have to be subdivided into grains completely surrounded by high angle boundaries to enable a superplastic response.

Electrical properties of NB-BLT thin film The key issue of BLT films to obtain high polarization at low process temperature is the orientation control of each grain because of the strong polarization anisotropy in BLT crystal [5].
The NB-BLT film also showed dense and uniform grains [5].
In contrast, the conventional-baked BLT film exhibited the poor uniformity of grain size including large c-axis grains.
Phys., vol. 42, pp. 1327-1330, 2003. 0.81.01.21.41.61.82.02.22.42.6 0.0 50.0k 100.0k 150.0k 200.0k 250.0k 300.0k Number of Fail Cells SBL Signal Voltage (V) Data "0" Data "1" ~ 900mV 0.81.01.21.41.61.82.02.22.42.6 0.0 50.0k 100.0k 150.0k 200.0k 250.0k 300.0k Number of Fail Cells SBL Signal Voltage (V) Data "0" Data "1" ~ 900mV Fig. 7.

Basically the equations are grouped depending on the number of variables, corresponding the equations with a bigger number of adjusting variables to a better ability to perform predictions and specifically to well characterize the curve in the vicinity of the air-entry value and the residual water content value.
These proposals are presented, respectively, in equations 3 to 5: (3) (4) (5) In these equations θs represents the saturated volumetric water content, θr the residual water content, a, b and c fitting parameters and e the Neper number.
Naturally, equations with a bigger number of fitting parameters conduced to a better fitting.
As [10] exposed, η depends on the soil granulometry, presenting examples where the parameter varies from a minimum of 2 to a maximum of 4, tending to assume minor values for fine-grained soils and values closer to the maximum for coarse-grained soils.
Models with higher number of fitting parameters tend to adjust better the experimental data, although introducing additional numerical complexity.

Fig. 1 Change map of friction coefficient vs. number of cycles Fretting Graph Theory.
In 1992, Zhou and Vincent [2] proposed two types of fretting graph theory in a large number of different materials and test parameters, including the operating conditions fretting map and material response fretting map, and revealed the mechanism of fretting and damage laws essentially.
Large number of experiments show that, whether any of the test conditions, the dynamic process of fretting-operation are in the above three regions.
Study found that the mixing zone is the most dangerous areas of the crack generation, the size of the crack is more than one of the grain, accompanied by large surface cold hardening and a small amount of debris; slip regime often results in wear and tear, and a large number of particles peel off, and it has the accumulation of wear debris and deeper pits in the experimental section; but very light damage in partial slip regime, usually in the contact edge.
A large number of tests found that [9], the crack growth direction come into a 45° angle with the surface in many cases, when the fretting fatigue crack began to expand, and suddenly turned into perpendicular with the surface in a depth (Fig. 6).

Table 1 Physical and mechanical properties of aluminate cement CA-50 Mortar fluidity(mm) Degree of fineness(%) Setting time Compressive strength(kN) Flexural strength(kN) Initial setting Final setting 142 9.3 98min 3h50min 45.8 6.2 Table 2 Technical Specifications of fly ash (the 3rd furnace grade Ⅱin Yangzonghai) 0.045mm Sieve(%) Requirement water ratio(%) LOI(%) SO3(%) Moisture ratio(%) ≤12 89 3.4 0.41 0.30 Table 3 Performance indicators of Polycarboxylate (HT-HPC superplasticizer) Percentage of water reduction(%) Percentage of air content(%) Pressure bleeding rate(%) 28d compressive strength ratio(%) Shrinkage rate(%) Relative durability index(%)200 times 25 2.9 25 153 97 85 Table 4 Performance indicators of the mixture of high aluminum (ultrafine powder) with fine ceramic Number Test items Standard values Tested values Evaluation of results Number Test items Standard values Tested values Evaluation of results 1 Apparent density, kg/m3 ≥2500 2510 Qualified　 5 Stone powder content
Table 6 The calculated results of mix ratio for every strength grade Test number Designed strength grade Water- cement ratio Sand ratio Mass mix ratio Aluminate cement CA-50 Fly ash (Ⅱgrade) Ceramic (continuous grain size 5-19) High aluminum (superfine flour): fine ceramic Polycarboxylate (AF-CA retarding superplasticizer) Water 1 20 0.51 0.36 300 60 870 100:380 7.2 185 2 25 0.45 0.34 340 60 870 80:370 10.0 180 3 30 0.40 0.33 380 60 870 60：360 12.3 175 4 35 0.35 0.31 430 50 870 60:340 15.4 170 Production of standard test blocks for heat-resistant concrete Laboratory instruments included electronic scales, scales, standard sieve, shock standards vibrating sieve machine, electric oven blast, forced mixer shaking table and pressure testing machine etc.
Depending on the number of project; each test has 18 standard sample, a total of 72 samples.
Table 8 Mechanical properties of concrete recorded from tests Test number Designed strength grade Project 1 Project 2 Project 3 Project 4 Project 5 Project 6 1 C20 18.3 16.1 15 28.4 22.2 21.6 2 C25 23.6 18.2 20.2 33.6 26.9 25.7 3 C30 27.2 21.7 23.1 39.7 36.2 33.5 4 C35 32.4 22.1 27.6 43.8 41.9 38.8 It can be seen from Table 8 that, when designed strength of 28d standard maintenance for heat-resistant concrete (i.e. item 4) was 20, 25, 30 and 35MPa, the measured compressive strength average was 28.4, 33.6, 39.7 and 43.8MPa, while the difference was 8.4, 8.36, 9.7 and 8.8MPa, that is the compressive strength could meet the requirements of "Technical Specification for Heat-resistant Concrete " [3].
For elected heat-resistant concrete materials, a large number of targeted testing must be done, then the constant of mix ratio linear equations for heat-resistant concrete could be gotten.

In general, a number of factors influence the development of sediment erosion process of hydraulic machinery.
These factors include mean velocity of particles, mass of the particle, concentration of the abrasive particles in a liquid flow, grain size and shape of the particles and angle of attack at which the particles collide with the surface etc [1].
Micro erosion is found on the surface of turbine components where fine particles with grains size less than 60 μm are moving at very high velocity.
The element number of runner domain is 3,300,000.
Fig. 1 Francis turbine runner Table 1 Parameter of Francis turbine Diameter of runner(cm) 100 Number of runner blade 13 Number of stay vane 12 Number of guide vane 16 Rated head (m) 30.5 Rated power (kw) 1000 Rotational speed (rpm) 375 Rated flow rate (m3/s) 4.2 5.

This brittleness can be related to the low cohesive strength of its grain boundary which is insufficient to meet von Misses criterion.
The product prepared by 20% Ti content has a higher number of cracks than that of other product.
An increase of Ti content to 30% reduces the number of crack.
By comparing to the result by SEM images, the product prepared using 20% Ti contains the highest number of crack.
There are a number of factors affecting the wear rate in the product.