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DEA method (Data Envelopment Analysis) is established by A.Charnes and W.W.Copper in 1978, the advantage of this method is to not need the artificial subjective determine the weight, and without non-dimension processing, making the result more objectives.
In this case, Kankana Mukherjee[5] improved the model to energy-saving model, which is following(as Model 2); Data description.
Capital stock: To the best of our knowledge, the capital stock data from 2005-2010 can not received from any database or statistical yearbook.
Energy input means that the data of primary energy every country consumed.
All of the data, from 2005 to 2010, come from World Bank database, BP Statistical Review of World Energy and International Statistical Yearbook.

More specifically, the inherent advantages of unit dose systems over alternative distribution procedures are: reduction in the incidence of medication errors, decrease in the total cost of medication-related activities, more efficient usage of pharmacy and nursing personnel, allowing for more direct patient-care involvement by pharmacists and nurses, Improved overall drug control and drug use monitoring, more accurate patient billings for drugs, the elimination or minimization of drug credits, greater control by the pharmacist over pharmacy workload patterns and staff scheduling, a reduction in the size of drug inventories located in patient-care areas, greater adaptability to computerized and automated procedures.
Hospitals which implemented SCM successfully have recorded a 50% inventory reduction, 40% increase in on-time delivery, doubling of inventory returns coupled with nine-fold reduction in out of stock rates.
The tomorrow’s supply chain management will be completely a virtual organization with advent of rapid implementation of internet biotechnologies, integrated through effective sharing of data and cost saving at every point.

In general, curves of reduction of area at fracture (RA) as a function of temperature exhibit a ductility "trough" which is invariably associated with intergranular fracture.
Data in the table also includes acid soluble Al (Als) and the AlN solution temperature estimated using Darken´s equation.
Chemical composition and Ts temperatures of steels [%wt] Results and Discussion The effects of deformation temperature on the peak stress and the reduction of area at fracture (RA) are illustrated in Fig. 1 for both slab and strip specimens.
Effect of deformation temperature on (a) reduction of area at fracture and (b) maximum stress of Si-Al electrical steel samples obtained from continuous cast CSP thin slabs and hot rolled strips.
Slab (a) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 Deformation Temperature (°C) Area Reduction (%) Strip Thin Slab (b) Figure 2 Room temperature microstructures just below the fracture surfaces of hot strip samples tested at (a) 870, (b) 1000 and (c) 1150 °C.

The depth d is achieved using the stopping power data supplied in SRIM96 [6, 7].
It appears that a quick reduction of total disorder occours with increasing temperature from room temperature to 973 K.
Meanwhile, lattice damage obtains further step reduction.
Because the channeled backscattering yield reduction was more evident in Si signal, all calculations of displaced atoms were performed on that part of the spectrum.
Meanwhile, lattice damage obtains further step reduction.

Obviously the HWA contributes to a significant improvement in oxide quality with a reduction of disorder in the oxide network.
The experimental data on temperature, electric field, and sample thickness dependencies of the photocurrent suggest that the enhanced quantum efficiency is due to the avalanche multiplication of photo-excited carriers inside the nc-Si dot layer.
The emitted energetic electrons are useful as means for either physical excitation (in vacuum and gases) or chemical reduction (in solutions).
In all aqueous solutions, the evolved gas species was hydrogen generated through direct reduction of H+ ions by energetic electrons as shown in Fig. 7 (b).
In CuSO4 solution, for instance, thin polycrystalline Cu films are uniformly deposited on the emitting area presumably due to the reduction of Cu2+ ions at the interface [19].

Depending on the choice of base and reinforcement material, advantages such as − an increase in strength, stiffness, energy absorption, and safety against cracking, − a reduction in the profile's weight with equal mechanical properties, and − an integration of additional functions such as − a reduction in abrasion, − a control of electrochemical influenced procedures, and − an interruption of crack growing can be achieved if a defined introduction of the reinforcement is possible [9].
But like the analysis of the particle tracking the effective strain analysis does not lead to precise geometric data.
A further improvement can be seen in the reduction of stress on the reinforcement.
Reduction of both components will lead to a decrease in failure by cracking of the reinforcement, as it was determined in experimental investigations.

Dimensional and hardness data of nanocomposite zones in Cu/Ta, Cu/Nb and Cu/Nb/Cu conductors.
Notably, the processing parameters affecting the fracture are: � The semicone die angle (α) � The applied percent reduction in area ( r), 0 0 A AA r f− = � The friction coefficient (m), where m is zero for no friction and m=1 for maximum possible friction.
Central bursts generally occur by decreasing reduction in area and increasing semi-die angle, under the same friction conditions.
Different drawing conditions were thus experimented to study the effect of both the die angle and the percentage of reduction per pass, while a lubricant between the die and the wire was used to decrease the friction.
Application tests were performed on Cu/Nb/Cu wires (N=85 3) and confirmed the rule stating that increasing reduction in area and decreasing semi-die angle improve the elaboration process.

The regression equations for the power law relationship regarding different Kt values are as follows, σ F = 548 HD -0.5 when Kt=4.9, (2) σ F = 783 HD -0.41 when Kt=3.3 , (3) σ F = 1269 HD -0.3 when Kt=2.1, (4) where σF and HD are the maximum tensile stress in MPa and the diffusible hydrogen content in mass ppm, respectively. 0.1 1 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Kt=2.1 Kt=3.3 Kt=4.9 Maximum tensile stress, σF (MPa) Diffusible hydrogen content, HD (mass ppm) Uncharged, HD=0 ppm (a) 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0 20 40 60 80 100 Kt=2.1 Kt=3.3 Kt=4.9 Reduction of notch strength, RNS (%) Diffusible hydrogen content, HD (mass ppm) (b) Figure 2.
Dependence of (a) the maximum tensile stress and (b) the reduction of notch strength with diffusible hydrogen content for the specimens with different stress concentration factors.
The parameter RNS, which means the reduction of notch strength, was also used to characterize hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of the steel since the fracture stresses of the uncharged specimens with different stress concentration factors were different, although only slightly.
Figure 2b shows the variation of the reduction of notch strength with diffusible hydrogen content.
Despite difference in stress concentration factors, within experimental scatter all the data points agree well with a power law relationship as follows, σ p* = 2108 HD * -0.23 . (9) This indicates that hydrogen embrittlement of the steel is influenced by stress concentration factors through stress concentration and hydrogen accumulation at the peak location.

However, there is a scarcity of data relating microstructure and micro hardness to any of these characteristics.
The test results show that there is a slight reduction in the mechanical properties of the Nb-free alloy, as compared to the alloy containing Nb.
The slight reduction in mechanical properties observed in the Nb-free alloy (Cast No. 1107186) could have significant implications for the performance of the material in different applications.
For instance, a reduction in mechanical properties could limit the material's load-bearing capacity or its ability to withstand deformation under load.
A reduction in corrosion resistance could lead to material degradation, which could ultimately compromise the safety and reliability of the application.

By this global, qualitative approach, it is disregarded, that a targeted quantitative adaption of the local friction conditions allows the control of the material flow and, associated therewith, a reduction of the forming forces, what in turn leads to a reduction of tool wear and an increased quality of the formed parts.
Based on expert knowledge and simulation data, a tribology-oriented system analysis [1] can be performed, also taking into account contact pressure, sliding speed, local tool geometry, lubrication and wear mechanisms.
Up to date, the major motivation for the deposition of tribological coatings on forming tools is the reduction of abrasive wear in order to increase the tool lifetime.
However, compared to uncoated tools, these coatings do not allow a significant reduction of friction.