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The results of the AFM pattern indicated that partials and grain size of thin-film increased just after the Al dopant was added.
The surface roughness and grain size distribution values of films were measured by atomic force microscopy also, structural properties were measured by X-ray diffraction.
Dislocation density can be defined as the number of dislocation lines crossing a unit area in a crystal and can be represented by the ratio between the total length of all dislocation lines and the size of the crystal [21].
The grain size distribution has been increased from 62.48 nm to 76.95 nm with the raising of Al content.
This increase in roughness and RMS can be attributed to the rise in the grain size distribution with increasing of the doped ratio may be related to the forming of the compound structure [12].

Utilization of intrinsic heat of the reaction, as well as, short time and relatively simple equipment make SHS as an economic and competition to others methods for production of a great number of materials.
Each zone creates a number of physicochemical processes result in formation of final multiphase composite product.
The presence of silicon nitride phase leads to conclusion that coarser grains are β-silicon nitride.
The following reactants were used: aluminium powder of average grain size 20 mm, corundum powder MA 250/5 produced by Alcan Chemicals Europe with grains of 10 mm and nitrogen gas of 99.9% purity.
Uniform microstructure with an average grain size about 3.5 mm is observed.

The bainite and ferrite with a grain size around 20μm was obtained by TMCP.
(a)Fast fracture area (b)Propagation area (c)Anodic dissolution area (d)Micro-crack morphology Fig 3.3 Fracture morphology From the micro feature of the sample steels fracture, as seen in Fig.3.3, most parts of the fractures are cleavage fracture interstitial cracking which means the crack expand through the grains.
There are large numbers of molecular H2S in the solution when the solution was saturated.
（3）There are large numbers of molecular H2S adsorbed on the surface of metal, it lead to the atomic hydrogen diffusion into the sample.

The increase in the number of precipitates and their coarsening result in the combination of precipitates and the formation of continuous oxide scale (external oxidation).
During mass transport process of oxidation, complex microstructure developments such as oxide grain growth and void (pore) formation strongly affect the stress generation and exfoliation of oxide scales.
Furthermore, the grain boundaries in the oxide scale may serve short circuits of ionic diffusion.
As the industrial development is growing up in Asia, he and his group have supervised 5 PhD students from Thailand who are now actively working in research in their region, as well as a number of interns from Thailand.

Aluminum recycling has a number of key environmental and economic benefits.
With increasing process temperature, more equaled and re-crystallized grains were exhibited.
When the processing temperature is 500°C, the microstructure is characterized by mixture structures of re-crystallized and elongated grains.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors would like to express the deepest appreciation to the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE), Malaysia, for funding this project through the Fundamental Research Grant Schemes (FRGS - vot numbers 1426, 1463, and 1496).

Pure colorless crystal is colorless and transparent quartz, rock crystal If, after a number of X-rays or neutron irradiation, will become dark brown.
Some of the large number of small colorless crystal cracks will form a light interference effects arising iridescence, this crystal is called Rainbow Crystal.
Natural crystal double-crystal grain present in the crystal interior, irregular-shaped or linear, angular, polished degree better.
Synthesis of double-crystal crystal grain present in the crystal surface, irregular shape, the transmitted light can be clearly seen, the strip adjacent polishing wavy different levels, while the polishing better, and the adjacent side is bad often found scratches.

For PET imaging itself, unlike the classical biodistribution studies which need dissect large numbers of animals to obtain averages at specific time-points, PET is a noninvasive imaging tool that can track nano-HAP longitudinally in individual animal [4].So it is very clearly to observe the localization and movements of nano-HAP at real time through the PET imaging transverse plane slices and 3D-reconstruction pictures directly.
I n Fig.1 all diffraction peaks could be indexed as the hexagonal structure hydroxyapatite (JCPDS file number 9-432).
The significant peak broadening indicates the nano-HAP has a very small grain size.
The wider diffraction peak, the smaller grain size.

As a result, the number of communication devices that utilize gigahertz range microwave radiation, such as mobile phones and LAN systems, has greatly increased.
The average grain size D calculated by using Scherrer equation are about 35nm forα-Fe phase.
In addition, the permittivity of Nd5Fe92B3 nanocomposites after ball-milling 90h increases obviously owning to the interfacial polarization induced by the large number of interface for smaller powder and finer grain nanocomposites.

There are various irregularities of microstructure existing in a material matrix, such as grain or phase boundaries and crystalline defects etc., which may lead to the local enrichment of impurities and the formation of eutectics of low melting temperature from the view of metallurgy.
Grain refinement and texture.
There was nearly no shift of the diffraction peaks, but the peak intensity and peak width showed difference when treated with different number of HCPEB pulses.
The average crystallite size decreased nearly linearly with the number of HCPEB pulses.

Coprolites: select grain diameter between 5～12mm, bulk density was 1 630; select secondary gradation, inside grain diameter between 5～12mm  accounted for 40%;and that between 10～20mm  accounted for 60%; and sediment percentage was less than 0.5%.
Table 3 Design of concrete specimens usage norm Sample number in each carbonization time Group count Total number 0d 7d 14d 28d cubic compression strength 150mm×150mm×150mm 3 3 3 3 3 36 tensile splitting strength 150mm×150mm×150mm 3 3 3 3 3 36 flexural strength 100mm×100mm×400mm 3 3 3 3 3 36 Attention: group count is determined by the category of cement water group.