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By applying the modified model in this paper, an analysis on the contributions of the individual factors, i.e. the wheel/worpiece deformation and the grinding depth of cut, on the overall grinding contact length is conducted under a wide range of grinding applications, i.e. from precise/shallow grinding to deep/creep-feed grinding.
Introduction The contact length between a grinding wheel and a workpiece during grinding processes is one of the principal factors that contribute to the quality of the ground workpiece from either thermal or mechanical aspects, since it determines the bottom length of the heat source and interface force distributions and consequently it affects the intensity of the energy flux into the workpiece, the peak temperature and the rate of wear of the grinding wheel [1, 2, 3, 4].
In the third type of the models, such as those introduced by Kumar/Shaw [7], Hideo [8], and Zhang [4], the local wheel-workpiece deformation and the wheel depth of cut were considered as two equally important factors on the overall grinding contact length.
These properties are available from standard material handbooks.
The mechanisms of grinding wheel wear affecting the effective cutting length can be, therefore, summarised as: 1.

Chandrappa 1, a, Joel Hemanth 2, b 1Associate Professor and Research scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur - 572 103, Karnataka, India 2Dean.
However, the properties of Ti and Cu have great differences in crystal structure, melting point, heat conductivity, and linear expansion coefficient.
Therefore, surface treatment and selection of bonding temperature and loading are basically important factors of the diffusion bonding process.
Other factors such as thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and bonding environment also affect the bonding process, particularly at high bonding temperature. 
Influence of microstructure of Ti-Al based alloy on the mechanical properties at elevated temperature [J].

The influence of tangential roller pressure on the stability of circular saw blade Mingsong Zhang1,a,Yi Zhang2,Jianjun Ke1,Xiaowei Li1,Lianbing Cheng1 1College of Mechanical & Material Engineering of China Three Gorges University, 2Hubei Three Gorges Polytechnic, Yichang 443002, China azms@ctgu.edu.cn Keywords: Tangential roller; Roller pressure; The stability of circular saw blade Abstract.
Keke Bian, Dong Zhao, Shiyu Hu[2],who used finite element analysis method, proved that the main factors affecting the rolling tension are the rolling load, rolling times, roll positions and so on.
The material properties of 65Mn is heat-treated by oil quenching at 830℃ and tempering at 540 ℃.Table 1 gives the diamond saw blade sizes, with 0.4 clamping ratio(γ),and 120mm chuck radius.
Figure 2 shows the constraint model of the 30°cyclic symmetry model. 3.Effect of Roller Pressure on The Stability of Circular Saw Blades The factors include rolling radius; rolling times, rolling wideness, and rolling circle angle are taken to study the tangential effect of the roller pressure on the stability of the blade in this paper. 3.1 The radial pressure analysis of different roller pressure Figure 3 shows the radial pressure at different roller pressure.
First the tensile stress changes to compressive stress, then the property of the two kinds of the stress exists at the same time. 3.2 Tangential stress analysis of different roller pressure(Figure 4) (a)P0=10KN (b)P0=15KN (c)P0=20KN Fig. 4 Tangential stress nephogram of different roller pressure The cloud can show that whether the nature of the tangential stress is compressive stress or tensile stress.

Their results showed that the feed rate and the tool diameter are the most important factors that affect the magnitude of the feed force, while the feed rate and the rotational speed have a significant impact on the roughness of the machined surfaces.
Their experiments showed that exfoliation occurs as a result of drilling, and that exfoliation is influenced by both the drilling conditions and the properties of the test piece materials.
The diameter of the drill bit, d, its rotational speed, n, and the magnitude of feed force, F, were taken as the input factors and eight experimental runs were made, the values of the factors having been planned after a L8 orthogonal array.
The values of the input factors and of the obtained experimental responses are shown in Table 2.
Input factors and experimental response for 1C45 steel grade Run No.

Introduction Texture is a very important factor to determine the anisotropy properties of poly-crystal materials.
Due to the important effect of texture on material manufacture and usage, it is necessary to investigate the relationship of texture and material property in order to optimize material property by controlling texture.
Low ferromagnetic loss and high magnetic induction intensity are the important technical properties for silicon steel.
(2) The annealing temperature is an important factor to control recrystallization texture and microstructure.
The magnetic property is the best when annealed at 8000C.

Vol. 38 (2000), p. 1707 ] investigated the CO2/N2 gas separation properties of a large series of poly (ethylene oxide) segmented copolymer with polyurethanes, polyamides and polyimides.
Carbon membranes combine improved gas transport properties for light gases with thermal and chemical stability.
Furthermore, the addition of inorganic materials in a polymer matrix offers enhanced physical, thermal and mechanical properties, representing a way to stabilize the polymer membrane against change in permselectivity with temperature.
Vol. 322 (2008), p. 423 ] investigated the effect of silica nano particles on the gas separation properties of ethylene vinyl acetate.
Membrane wetting is one of the most important factors affecting efficient CO2 separation process and long-term operation stability [[] Y.X.

The temporal resolution of rainfall data usually available for practical applications is often lower than the data required for the design procedures or mathematical models application, greatly affecting their reliability [1].
Many factors affect the characteristics of a hydrological response, both in rural and in urban catchments; among these are the requirements of the rainfall data to be used as inputfor the rainfall–runoff models.
Description of the instrument Meteorological monitoring is actually carried out by means of consolidated technologies mainly based on mechanical sensors connected with digital data loggers used for collecting and transferring data.
Large errors may be produced at low rainfall intensity because of the mechanical inertia of the bucket.
Freni, Estimation of sub-hourly DDF curves using scaling properties of hourly and sub-hourly data at partially gauged site.

It affects the quality of slab, especially the formulation of cracks on the surface, and also determines whether the steel leaking occurs during production.
The property parameters of steel in high temperature change according to the temperature.
For calculating convenience, some unimportant factors are omitted, and assumptions are made as follows: (1) The heat transfer in the slab pulling direction is omitted, because the quantity of heat transfer in this direction accounts for 3 to 6 % of total quantity of heat
Thermal property parameter.
However, the creep deformation affects little on the thermal stress, it can be omitted.

From reference [4], the main cutting force can be derived from the unit cutting force for turning as follows: FZ=F·ap· f · KfFz KvFz KrFz Kbr1Fz KkFz KλsFz KrεFz KvbFz FZ-main cutting force F-unit cutting force ap-cutting depth f-feed rate Kf Fz-feed rate modification factor KvFz-cutting speed modification factor KrFz-rake angle modification factor Kbr1fz-the ratio(width to feed)modification factor Kkfz -main angle modification factor Kλsfz-cutting edge inclination modification factor KrεFz-the radius of cutting edge modification factor KvbFz-flank wearing modification factor The process for knowledge modeling is as follows: (1)determine and standardize the input and output of the neural network.
In the above formula, there are eight factors that affects the modification factor.
The transfer function between input layers to hidden layer is: The transfer function between hidden layers to output layer is: (3)Determine the sample size The property of the neural network can be improved by more samples as neural is trained by samples.
Process Planning knowledge discovery based on CAPP database or mechanical manufacturing enterprise.
[4]Wang shaojun, Hand book for manufacturing process, Beijing Mechanical publishing company, Beijing, 1985, p.68.

This contribution focuses on reliability analysis affected by the fuzziness in basic variables.
According to the properties of RPD and FPD, Eq.2 is used to transform FPD to RPD equivalently, and this equivalent transformation does not change the distribution form of FPD [3,4,9]
Factor F shown in Eq. 3 is an integration measure of the fuzzy-random joint distribution (FRJD) in all real number universe.
Chen: J. of Mechanical Strength, Vol.25(2003), p.187.
Chen: Mechanical Science and Technology, Vol.22(2003), p.444.