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The study was inspired by the requirement to use the new composite collectors as substitutes for typical steel collector to save energy and structural materials.
It is well known that imbibitions of composite fibrous materials are of practical importance in many industrial processes [8,9].
It has been concluded the overall V-I curve of composite fibrous materials was consistent with the typical rigid collector using a thimbleful of water penetrating them [10].
[8] J.Szekely, A.W.Neumann, Y.K.Chuang, The rate of capillary penetration and the applicability of the Washburn equation[J] .Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 1971 35(2) 273-278
Bruque, On the evaluation of the surface free energy of porous and powdered solids from imbibition experiments: equivalence between height–time and weight–time techniques[J].Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2003 (26) 171-178

ACS Applied Energy Materials. 3(1), (2020) 66-98
Yuan, Sol-gel solvothermal route to synthesize anatase/brookite/rutile TiO2 nanocomposites with highly photocatalytic activity, Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology. 85(1-4), (2017) 1-8
Zhong, Controllable synthesis of brookite/anatase/rutile TiO2 nanocomposites and single-crystalline rutile nanorods array, Journal of Materials Chemistry. 22(16), (2012) 7937-7944
Kim, Sol-gel synthesis of mesoporous anatase-brookite and anatase-brookite-rutile TiO2 nanoparticles and their photocatalytic properties, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 442, (2015), 7 p
Gholami, Transition metal ions effect on the properties and photocatalytic activity of nanocrystalline TiO2 prepared in an ionic liquid, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 172(2-3), (2009) 1573-1578

Synthesis of Crystallized TiNi Films by Ion Irradiation Noriaki Ikenaga1,a, Yoichi Kishi2,b, Zenjiro Yajima2,c and Noriyuki Sakudo2,d 1Research Laboratory for Integrated Technological Systems, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, 3-1 Yatsukaho, Hakusan, Ishikawa 924-0838, Japan 2Advanced Materials Science R and D Center, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, 3-1 Yatsukaho, Hakusan, Ishikawa 924-0838, Japan an-ikenaga@neptune.kanazawa-it.ac.jp, bkishi@neptune.kanazawa-it.ac.jp, cyajimaz@neptune.kanazawa-it.ac.jp, dsakudo@neptune.kanazawa-it.ac.jp Keywords: shape memory alloy, multi-sputtering, low temperature crystallization, ion irradiation, ion energy, plasma potential Abstract.
TiNi is well known as a typical shape-memory alloy, and is expected to be a promising material for micro actuators.
In order to realize micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) with this material, we have to get thin crystal film of the material, since the shape-memory property appears only when the structure is crystalline.
References [1] P.Krulevitch, A.P.Lee, P.B.Ramsey, J.C.Trevino, J.Hamilton, M.A.Northrup, Thin film shape memory alloy microactuators, Journal of Microelectro-Mechanical Systems 5 (4) (1996), pp. 270-282 [2] S.Miyazaki, and A.Ishida, Martensitic transformation and shape memory behavior in sputter-deposited TiNi-base thin films, Materials Science and Engineering A Vol. 273-275 (1999), pp. 106-133 [3] S.Miyazaki, K.Otsuka, C.M.Wayman, Morphological changes associated with the R-phase and martensitic transformations in Ti-Ni single crystals, ISIJ International, 29 (5) (1989), pp. 423-429 [4] J.D.Busch, A.D.Johnson, C.H.Lee, Stevenson, D.A. et al., Shape-memory properties in Ni-Ti sputter-deposited film, Journal of Applied Physics, 68 (12) (1990), pp. 6224-6228 [5] K.R.C.
Gisser, J.D.Busch, A.D.Johnson, A.B.Ellis, Oriented nickel-titanium shape memory alloy films prepared by annealing during deposition, Applied Physics Letters, 61(14) (1992), pp. 1632-1634 [6] CIMTEC2008 ike, Influence of substrate temperature on texture for deposited TiNi films, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Smart Materials, Structures and Systems (CIMTEC 2008), State-of-the-art Research and Application of SMAs Technologies, 59 (2008), pp. 30-34 [7] N.Ikenaga, Y.Kishi, Z.Yajima and N.Sakudo, Low Temperature Crystallization of TiNi Films by Ion Irradiation, The 8th European Symposium on Martensitic Transformations (ESOMAT 2009), 05010 (2009), published by EDP Sciences (www.esomat.org), DOI:10.1051/esomat/200905010, 2009 [8] Y.Kishi, N.Ikenaga, N.Sakudo and Z.Yajima, Transforamation Behavior of Low Temperature Crystallized TiNi Shape Memory Alloy Films, The 8th European Symposium on Martensitic Transformations (ESOMAT 2009), 02012 (2009), published by EDP Sciences

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol.23,1057-1061(1979) [7].
Ultrasonic Velocity Measuring Technology and it’s Application in Materials Evaluation.
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Materials Research 16 (2013): 190-194
Materials 15, no. 19 (2022): 6769
In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 183, no. 1, p. 012013.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (2022)
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 24 (1990): 513-523

Materials In this study, two widely used polymer materials were used, namely metallocene linear low density polyethylene (m-LLDPE, hereafter referred to as PE) and polypropylene homopolymer (PP), which were obtained from a commercial supplier (RESINEX).
Polymeric materials data, the melt flow index and the density from supplier, the melting temperature from DSC and molecular weight details from GPC.
The β-transition is the major transition in the polymer in general, which is when the materials are going through a glass/rubber transition.
Mourad, Thermo-mechanical characteristics of thermally aged polyethylene/polypropylene blends, Materials and Design. 31 (2010) 918–929
[31] F, Campbell, Manufacturing Technology for Aerospace Structural Materials, London: Elsevier Ltd (2006)

Rahman1,2,a,*,Khaulah Sulaiman1,b, Ahmad Shuhaimi1,c and Mohamad Rusop3,d 1Low Dimensional Materials Research Centre, Department of Physics, Faculty Of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2Faculty of Applied Science, University of Technology MARA 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. 3NANO-SciTech Centre, Institute of Science, University Of Technology MARA 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor.
Advanced Materials 20 (2008) 4061-4067
Materials Science and Engineering B104 (2003) 26-30
Materials Science and Engineering C 29 (2009) 78-84
Journal Of Organometallic Chemistry695 (2010) 2526-2531

Introduction Rare earth ions doped materials have broad band-region form ultraviolet to infrared [1], these functional material have largest interest to study and have been widely used in many fields, such as laser protection, non – linear optical field, light communication, laser materials and photonic system [2,3].
These raw materials was weighed accurately and mixed thoroughly.
Marimuthu, Structural and optical studies on Eu3+ doped borotellurite glasses, Journal of Solid State Sciences. 17 (2013) 54-62
Balkanski, Infrared studies of the structure of borate glasses, Materials Science and Engineering. (1989) 307-312 [19] X.
El-Hadi, Dielectric Properties Some Borate Glass, Jurnal Material Science Technology. 17(2) (2001) 278-282

Among these materials, zinc oxide (ZnO) prepared at low temperatures has properties including non-toxicity, high transparency, and high crystallinity [2].
[3] Joydip Sengupta, Arifeen Ahmed, Rini Labar, Structural and optical properties of post annealed Mg doped ZnO thin films deposited by the sol–gel method, Materials Letters. 109 (2013) 265-268
[6] Qiang Shi, Junying Zhang, Dong Zhang, Changzheng Wang, Bing Yang, Bingyuan Zhang, Wenjun Wang, Red luminescent and structural properties of Mg-doped ZnO phosphors prepared by sol–gel method, Materials Science and Engineering. 177 (2012) 689-693
Khusaimi, Structural and Optical Properties of ZnO/PMMA Nanocomposite, Advanced Materials Research. 832 (2014) 602-606
Ahmad, Bandgap Alteration of Transparent Zinc Oxide Thin Film with Mg Dopant, Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials. 13 (2012) 64-68

Acknowledgement This work was financially supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (41202191), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2012M520079, 2013T60868), Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (20110205130001, 20120205120001) and Natural Science Foundation of Shannxi Province of China (2011JM7002).
Journal of Constructional Steel Research，2002, 58(3): 353-372
Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 2004, 130(2): 180-188
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 2007, 63: 37-44
Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2007, 4(6): 12-18