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(12) Application in vehicle replacement decision Background and data.
The data are updated per 6 months (i.e., 0.5t∆ = year).
Dill, Estimating emissions reductions from accelerated vehicle retirement program, Transportation Research Part D, 2004, 9, P. 87-106
Kim, Life cycle optimization of ownership costs and emissions reduction in US vehicle retirement decisions, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2005, 10(2), P. 161-175

However, such predictability is not currently available, for no correlation has been established between raw material data and thermal deformation.
This study aims the sensitivity reduction of chip-apply process to normal adhesive batch-to-batch variation.
Adhesive basic properties (eg: viscosity, lap shear strength, ionic content) are provided by the supplier for each batch, but no data on deformation performance at chip-apply process is shared.
Preevaporation step causes a reduction on adhesive elongation with longer low-temperature pre-cure cycle, suggesting that this cycle is sensitive to wait time between adhesive application and pre-cure.

During the continuous method of deformation wire nanostructuring total reduction rate in both draw dies was 26.04%.
Reduction in torsional speed depends on strength properties of each investigated carbon steel wire.
Mechanical properties (a – tensile strength, b – yield strength) of carbon steel wire after the continuous method of deformation wire nanostructuring (data were obtained at different method regimes) As shown in fig. 4 mechanical properties of carbon steel wire after the continuous method of deformation wire nanostructuring vary in great extent.
The obtained data proves the high efficiency of the new continuous method of deformation wire nanostructuring.

The most notable methods for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles are chemical methods including chemical reduction, photochemical reduction, electrochemical techniques, and thermal decomposition.
Using FullProf program, structure of CuO was identified as monoclinic with lattice parameters: a=4.6847 Å, b=3.4200 Å, c=5.1290 Å and also α = 90°, β = 99.54°, γ = 90°, which matched with the reported data and (JCPDC No.96-410-5686).
FTIR and UV-Visible spectrometry data also support the formation of CuO nanoparticles, which opens new directions of photo-thermal conversion in the field of solar heating applications due to better optical properties and large surface area.

It has been shown that a 10% weight reduction of an automobile will reduce the fuel consumption by 6-8%[4].
Further it has been found that a 100 kg reduction of the weight of a vehicle will reduce the CO2 emission by 8.5g/km [5].
The strain gauges were glued on both sides of the strip edge at the location shown in Fig. 3 and the strain values recorded during testing using a data logger.
The strain data in Fig. 5 can be used to derive the bending strain and the mid-surface strain variation; this gives an additional understanding of the forming process.

Therefore, accurate data of the volume fraction of each phase in the materials is very useful to control the mechanical properties of the materials.
In order to obtain strong textures, the aluminum hot band was first cold rolled up to a 90 % thickness reduction and then recrystallized at 300 oC for 1h.
The data were collected at intervals of 0.05o between 10o and 155o in 2θ with a sample rotation speed of about 30 rpm; the normal-direction (ND) of the sample was parallel to the rotation axis and a set of detectors was placed in the plane perpendicular to the rotating axis.
The cold rolling to a 90% thickness reduction and the subsequent recrystallization annealing of the aluminum led to a texture Title of Publication (to be inserted by the publisher) Fig. 1.

It can be used not only for the improvement of functionality and weight reduction of complex-shape components that are difficult to produce by conventional machining but also for maintenance and repair operations [4].
With the evolvement of AM and a price reduction for 3D printers, the possibilities to create functional end-use components not only from plastics but also from metals have been expanded [5].
The EBSD data were acquired using an Oxford Symmetry EBSD detector with an Aztec control system.
The average grain size of both material variants as obtained from EBSD data post-processing is: cast = 63 ± 49 µm (excluding twin boundaries), LPBF = 16 ± 11 µm.

With this approach it is easy to enter data in the numerical simulation.
Results of the Simulation Input data: z1=26, z2=32, m=5 mm, gears width=30 mm, input torque=256 Nm, input rotational speed=1500 rpm, gear material C45 (230 HB).
Too greater values of the profile deviations errors can lead to the reduction of the real active length of the tooth flank.
As a result of mathematical simulation, the asymmetric gear with the most profile deviations errors (row 1, Table 2) resulted in the reduction of the real active length of the flank.

The curling effect gives significant strength reduction on the ultimate strength of the bolted connection.
An iteration process was used to validate the FE model by adjusting the parameters and input data of the FE model until the behaviour of the model was closely approximated with the FE model in the study of Fernandez J. et al. [2].
Hence, the increase in number of yielded regions surrounding the bolt holes enhances the failure progress and lead to strength reduction.
Lostado, Prediction models for calculating bolted connections using data mining techniques and the finite element method, Engineering Structures, Vol. 32 (2010), pp.3018-3027

Despite the progress attained in smart structures and data feature extraction, a critical problem still exists in SHM systems, i.e. the optimal sensor/actuator location for reducing the number of the so called SHM errors of type I, i.e. false positives, or type II, i.e. false negatives [3].
In particular , the general methodology for detecting damage in structures is to extract meaningful features from the measured data in order to analyze the changes in sensor output due to damage [5].
It stemmed from the obtained results a reduction of the oscillation frequency of sensors output, due to the beam stiffness reduction caused by the crack, and an increased amplitude of the transient electrical response only for the sensors closer to the crack tip, where stress and strain fields intensification are more evident.