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Zhou et al. [6,7] investigated the width size effect of compression strength parallel to grain of Larch lumber and the width size effect of tensile strength parallel to grain of Larch sawn lumber.
The Weibull’s Theory assumes that the component is made of a large number of basic volume containing weak zones, and the probability of failure of the weakest unit is equal to the failure probability of the component.
As the wood fiber in the outermost tensile layer attained the ultimate tensile strength and snapped, the wood fiber perpendicular to the grain tore with a loud noise, and the specimen underwent brittle fracture.
[6] Haibin Zhou, Xiuqin Luo, Xiu Zhao et al, Effect of Size on Ultimate Compression Parallel to Grain of Visually-Graded Chinese Larch Dimension Lumber, Journal of Building Materials, Vol. 15, No. 3, Jun. 2012, pp.435-438
[12] Suhaimi Abu Bakar, Abd Latif Saleh, Verification of Weibull’s Theory of Brittle Fracture to Meranti’S Timber Loaded in Tension Parallel to The Grain, Jurnal Teknologi, Vol.43, No.

According to GOST 25818-91 and 25592-91, the content of calcium oxide CaO in the ash component and the fine-grained mixture should be no more than 10% by weight.The content of magnesium oxide MgO in the ash component and fine-grained mixture should not exceed 5% by mass.The content of sulfur and sulfuric acid compounds in ash and slag components should be no more than 3 wt%, Including sulfide sulfur - no more than 1 wt%.The content of alkaline sodium and potassium oxides in the ash component and the fine-grained mixture should be no more than 3% by weight.
Chemical composition of bauxite sludge from Pavlodar aluminum plant, [%] Fe2O3 Al2O3 CaO SiO2 TiO CO2 Na2O MgО 27-33 4.0-5.0 39-44 19-21 2.0 0.8-1.0 0.9-1.5 0.3-1.2 In appearance, the bauxite sludge is a medium-grained beige-brown sand interspersed with easily crumbling lumps of various sizes.The moisture content of bauxite sludge samples should be within 20-30%, density - 2.6 - 2.86 g / sm3, bulk density in a loosened state - from 1.1 to 1.3 g / sm3, used fraction 0.05 up to 2 mm.
Concrete mixture tests were also carried out using metallurgical slag of fraction 20-30 in molds with dimensions 150x150x150 mm in accordance with GOST 25781-81 as a coarse-grained aggregate.
Test results Indicator name Sample number and marking 1 2 3 4 5 Weight, [kg] 18.5 18.7 19.4 19.0 19.8 Ultimate strength, [MPa] / [concrete class] 3.6/V2.5 3.3/V2.5 3.8/V2.5 3.2/V2.5 3.8/V2.5 Water absorption, [%] 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.2 3.8 The industrial production of hollow bricks began and continues.

In most publications [15,19-23], the mechamism of the viscous flow of a liquidlike or semi-liquid grain boundary /interface materials is recommended.
This very important accommodation effect of the liquid phase during superplastic deformation of aluminium alloy matrix composite is to enhance grain boundary sliding and interface sliding [4,31-33].
The grain boundary sliding (GBS) and interface sliding (IS) have been considered by Nieh et al [31] to be the primary superplastic deformation mechanisms for MMC materials.
The significance of the negative effect of the matrix/reinforcement interfaces for the superplastic deformation of the MMCs is related to the shape and the size of the ceramic reinforcement, the chemical composition and the grain size of the matrix alloy [4, 6].
Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Science and Technology of China to provide research funding (The High Tech Research and Development (863) Programme) under the contract number 863-715-05-02.

It reported that these oxides can easily transform to liquid phase at higher temperatures, the interior pores and interparticle voids were filled with the liquid phase, thus leads to densification and grains growth, so B1 sample has the largest bulk density after sintering at 1400 °C.
According to the corresponding results of XRD and the phase composition analysis of given points (d) in Fig. 3, prismatic columnar(point 1) and strip spinel crystals(point 2) inserts into the products and the growth of the crystals grew completely, spinel crystals are interlocked by prismatic corundum crystals, a large number of bright white beaded monoclinic zirconia particles(point 3) with the size of 0.5-1 μm approximately are well dispersed in the samples, which are located in the grain boundaries or triple-grain junctions, its uniform distribution is benefit for improving the bending strength.
The circumstance may be attributed to the pinning effects of magnesia-alumina spinel, The spinel crystals with higher elasticity modulus can prevent the flow of liquid phase and hinder the alumina grain growth and migration, which is beneficial to improve the bending strength of the samples, The magnesia-alumina spinel brings more small corundum particles and better bending strength.
B2 sample may appear to be significantly thermal shock resistant as another result of the existence of microcracks in the sample caused by zirconia phase transition, tetragonal zirconia transforms to monoclinic zirconia in cooling process with about 5% the volume expansion, it generates microcracks around zirconia grains, these microcracks play a role in consumption and dispersion of the main crack tip energy, hinder the main crack propagation.

Introduction It is known that in the system of Si-Ca, consisting of environmentally friendly and abundant materials, there are a number of stable silicides with different amounts of calcium in them [1].
At temperatures of deposition and annealing no more than 330оС Ca2Si and CaSi films consisted from non-faceted grains by AFM data (Fig. 1 (a,b)) and one can propose that it were poorly oriented.
When Ca and Si atoms co-deposited on the Si substrate at 500 oC the grains with faceted surface was appeared (Fig. 1 (c)), so the crystalline quality of film strongly increases and the CaSi2(0001) crystallites were epitaxially oriented on Si(100) substrate as was observed yearly by RDE growth mode of CaSi2 on Si(111) substrate [9].
At energies 0.30 - 0.50 eV, a large contribution is made to the absorption coefficient from defect levels (or the defect zone) in the Ca2Si band gap, which is due to the high grain-grain density and the presence of some amount of the CaSi phase.
Such behaviour is determined by the film microstructure (continuous (sample B) or partially discontinuous (sample F)), the ratio of the phases of different Ca silicides (CaSi, CaSi2) in the film, compression or strain in CaSi grains and their contribution to conductivity and thermo-emf.

Certainly, the precipitation of cementite on the austenite grain boundaries enhances the austenite hardness to its ultimatum at the expense of the toughness of the material.
They have observed mass number of carbides still exist on the austenite grain boundaries [4-6].
Fig. 6 The true stress-true strain curve for five heats Table 3 Surface character of eutectic and the yield strength Steel grade Nodularity of eutectic,[%] Volume fraction of eutectic,[%] Yield strength, [MPa] A128 0 0 420 MS0.81 96.88 1.13 400 MS1.12 79.56 1.26 340 MS1.57 88.038 1.67 390 MS2.02 63.56 2.82 300 · Hardness increment It is well known that the cementite precipitation on the austenite grain boundaries accompanied by hardness enhancement with significant depression in toughness.
This relationship can be explained as increasing the size of eutectic, its growth delay to be concurrent to the formation of austenite grain boundaries during solidification, and therefore it precipitates on the grain boundaries.

Currently, the Wuxi government has started the restoration project in Huishan Ancient Town which used a large number of traditional building materials.
The region is in the back of Huishan Mountain, next to many ancient temples, and a number of rivers run through this town.
In Huishan Ancient Town, a number of building wooden pillars are inside the wall, and the wall absorbs the water from the air, therefore, the moist environment causes the wooden pillars become rotten.
In that case, this repair needs to replace a large number of ancient wooden components.
For water fir, the average number of rings is 3.0 per centimeter, shrinkage coefficient (volume) is 0.386, parallel to grain compressive ultimate strength is 358 kg/cm2, bending ultimate strength is 661 kg/cm2, and end strength is 285 kg/cm2.

Nevertheless, one way shape memory effect was found to exhibit an asymptotic stable behaviour which makes possible the realization of Ni-Ti actuators able to operate for a relative large number of activation cycles.
In Ref. [10-11] Mayer et al. have shown that both TWSME and transformation temperatures can be managed by an appropriate thermo-mechanical treatment to obtain larger grain size in the microstructure.
Fig. 1 Spring maximum length Lmax vs number of activation cycles.
Such an increase is responsible for a deterioration of the functional fatigue because the threshold for the activation of the shape memory recovery becomes shifted to higher temperature as the number of cycles grows.
A large number of activation cycles leads important microstructural modifications which are responsible for the formation of R phase also on sample heating.

The applied stress has affected the Fe3C precipitation behaviour by decreasing the number of variants carbides in tempered martensite and decreasing the number of a single variant carbides in tempered lower bainite.
It was also found that hot deformation temperatures selected in this work have the same contribution in decreasing number of variant carbides in tempered martensite and decreasing number of single variant carbides occurred in tempered lower bainite.
Hence, it can be noted that “without stress, each grain of austenite transforms into many different orientation and the carbides precipitated in several crystallographic variants in any given plate in lath martensite” [9].
Fig. 3 (b) shows the tempered lower bainite with single variant of cementite carbides in large number and forming tightly.
It is considered that both hot deformation temperatures have the same contribution to the mechanical driving force in decreasing number of variant carbides in tempered martensite and decreasing number of single variant carbides occurred in tempered lower bainite condition.

With up to 30% fines, friction angle remained accurate if grain structure was preserved, but cohesion was overestimated.
Grain size analysis of the different mixtures.
The corresponding grain size analysis is presented in Fig. 2.
They also provide access to micro-mechanical quantities such as contact forces, coordination number, and fabric evolution, of- fering valuable insights into the physical origins of macroscopic behavior.
Bowles, The effects of sediment transport on grain-size distributions, Journal of Sedimentary Research 55(4) (1985) 457–470