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There are two key components for the effective reduction of recombination at surfaces: chemical passivation and field effect passivation.
The concentration of charge that diffused into the film can be estimated using data reported in reference [6].
This concentration of charge is sufficient to provide effective passivation, as reported in [11], thus the lower observed effective lifetime in this specimen immediately after diffusing potassium ions is due to a reduction in chemical passivation caused by an increase in trap states at the interface between the silicon and the dielectric.
The decay in effective lifetime observed over a period of 600 days could be due to a reduction in either the chemical or field effect component of passivation.
James, et al., A wafer-based monocrystalline silicon photovoltaics road map: Utilizing known technology improvement opportunities for further reductions in manufacturing costs, Sol.

Heating above the LCST leads here to a de-swelling of the shell and therewith to a drastic reduction of the particle size as well as to a drastic increase of the refractive index.
However, a strong volume reduction during the phase transition led to the appearance of a surface pattern and prevented a commercial application in windows.
Fig. 3: Transmission of a Cloud GelÔ (d = 1mm; data from [13]).
To overcome the problem of volume reduction in chemically crosslinked gels, thermotropic gels with a physical network have been developed [14].
Thus, the switching results only in a significant reduction of the refractive index of the particle core, and the incident light is predominantly scattered at the core/shell interface.

As the rate of reduction in water content with time is of interest to practice, the drying rate of the soils generally termed, solidification, was determined for the treated soils.
This process was investigated by recording the reduction of moisture content of the material with time.
It can be observed that the addition of FA/CL/FDG stabilizer led to significant reduction in water content of the soils.
aconst w s d ===− ρ ρ 1 1 (3) 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 8 13 18 23 28 Moisture Content(%) D r y D e n s i t y ( g / c m 3 ) 100%Silt 6%OPC 14%Quicklime 16%FA/6%CL/1%FGDG y = x 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Experimental Value P re di cte d Va lue 100%Silt 6%OPC 14%Quicklime 16%FA/6%CL/1%FGDG 6%CL/4%GGBS/3.2%OPC 16%FA/3.2%QL/3.2%GGBS/1.6%OPC 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 Compaction Degree A l l o w a b l e M o i s t u r e C o n t e n t ( % ) Silt 6%OPC 14%Quicklime 16%FA/6%CL/1%FGDG Fig.3 Compaction curve Fig. 4 Eq. 2 verification Fig. 5 MAMC at different compaction degree The parameters a for soil or treated soils calculated from the average value of )1( w d − ρ from the experimental data series on the wet side of compaction cures are shown in Tab.2.
The addition of FA/CL/FDG stabilizer increasing the solids content by bulking and reducing the free moisture through hydration reactions leads to significant reduction in water content of the soils and results in improvement in drying rate.

Despite extensive studies of constitutive behavior during LTSP, detailed microstructure evolution data are known only for 775 and 815°С [9].
The reduction per pass was 5-10%.
The total reduction of was ~50%, thus yielding a final sheet thickness of 2 mm.
A reduction of temperature to 550°C leads to a marked decrease in the fraction of the b phase to ~10%, thereby decreasing the length of the interphase boundaries and increasing microstructural instability.
The reduction in texture intensity during SP deformation can also be ascribed to grain-boundary sliding and the concomitant randomization effect associated with the rotation of alpha particles.

This is achieved by reduction of the friction that develops in the contact zones between tool and workpiece as well as between tool and chip.
After data of evaluation factors are obtained through grinding experiments, the performance of grinding fluid can be evaluated using an applicable evaluation model.
In this paper, the material removal ability and hardness reduction of ground surface was measured after grinding.
Using the index of Key Engineering Materials Vols. 283 material removal ability and hardness reduction, the boundary lubrication effects of cutting fluids had been examined.
The experimental results of the material removal ability are increased, and the hardness reduction of ground surface was decreased obviously.

Data analyses were carried out using PoSAP for the reconstruction and IVASTM for generating atom maps and particle analyses with Nmin = 5 and Dmax = L = S = 0.5 nm.
When 10 mm diameter rods are drawn down to 3 mm diameter wire in multiple steps in a lab at a drawing speed of 100 mm/s, the electrical conductivity and UTS (without any artificial ageing) vary with increasing drawing reduction as shown in Fig. 2.
It is evident that for both alloys, the tensile strength increases significantly with increasing drawing reduction.
By contrast, the electrical conductivity decreases by 1-2 %IACS with increasing drawing reduction as the diameter decreases from 10 mm down to about 5 mm.
Figure 2: Effect of drawing reduction from 10 to 3 mm diameter on the conductivity and ultimate tensile strength of Alloys 2 and 3 without any ageing, compared to the 3 mm diameter wire requirements from European Standard EN 50183:2000.

The symptom causes a significant reduction of the hand-eye coordination and memory abilities.
Also, through the RFID and Internet facility, the training data can be fed into remote database servers for medial references and analyses. 2.
Data retrieved during the gaming will be stored in the SQL Server database, which later on can be used for training effectiveness analysis.
The stored data can be used later on for training effectiveness analysis. 3.
Moreover, the introduction of RFID technology allows online collection of rehabilitation data, such as training date and time of use, for later analyses.

A higher effect of soot reduction by using biodiesel from palm oil (BDFp) and biodiesel from cooked oil (BDFc) was seen at high injection pressures.
I-kaz Method I-kaz analysis is a method to measure the degree of scattering data by following the centroid of the data in dynamics signal analysis.
Each of the axes represents the data distribution from 3 different frequency signals.
Fig. 2: Gives the signals obtained from the fuel injector for the testing data series ABC.
The series a grouped under the same pulse width and frequency values as shown by the data codes.

The former Soviet Union scholars, through sorting out plenty of survey data [6], obtained the approximate equation to calculate the allowed maximum deformation in the top of earth-body tunnel.
The statistic analysis for a large number of site-measured data obtained through investigations and the case analysis of cave collapse have proved that the sinking condition at the cave-arch top observes the same law, that is
a) Elevation drawing b) Cross section Fig. 2 Main geometric parameters According to the analysis of on-the-spot measured data, the cave span and mulching soil thickness have a dominant influence on the stressing characters of a cave structure.
In the meanwhile, the reduction of iterative times means that of required finite element analytic times so as to greatly increase the calculation effectiveness.
Chen: Study on the Failure and Data of Tunnel Structures ( in Chinese) (South-west Jaotong University Press, China 2002).

From 24 examined countries of the world correspond to 80 percent of the world's information and communication resources, and policies of these countries in the following areas: data protection, cyber security, cyber - crime, intellectual property, harmonization of law, free trade, and IT infrastructure.
The first part of the package made it possible to build a portal that supports a repository of documents and data of project, project calendar, notifying participants of the event.
Project data were in one place, which make easier project management, decision-making and execution of the tasks.
The documentation and project data have been placed in the cloud.
Video conferences replaced the team meetings, which resulted in a reduction in travel costs and a significant reduction in phone bills.