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There are two key components for the effective reduction of recombination at surfaces: chemical passivation and field effect passivation.
The concentration of charge that diffused into the film can be estimated using data reported in reference [6].
This concentration of charge is sufficient to provide effective passivation, as reported in [11], thus the lower observed effective lifetime in this specimen immediately after diffusing potassium ions is due to a reduction in chemical passivation caused by an increase in trap states at the interface between the silicon and the dielectric.
The decay in effective lifetime observed over a period of 600 days could be due to a reduction in either the chemical or field effect component of passivation.
James, et al., A wafer-based monocrystalline silicon photovoltaics road map: Utilizing known technology improvement opportunities for further reductions in manufacturing costs, Sol.

Heating above the LCST leads here to a de-swelling of the shell and therewith to a drastic reduction of the particle size as well as to a drastic increase of the refractive index.
However, a strong volume reduction during the phase transition led to the appearance of a surface pattern and prevented a commercial application in windows.
Fig. 3: Transmission of a Cloud GelÔ (d = 1mm; data from [13]).
To overcome the problem of volume reduction in chemically crosslinked gels, thermotropic gels with a physical network have been developed [14].
Thus, the switching results only in a significant reduction of the refractive index of the particle core, and the incident light is predominantly scattered at the core/shell interface.

As the rate of reduction in water content with time is of interest to practice, the drying rate of the soils generally termed, solidification, was determined for the treated soils.
This process was investigated by recording the reduction of moisture content of the material with time.
It can be observed that the addition of FA/CL/FDG stabilizer led to significant reduction in water content of the soils.
aconst w s d ===− ρ ρ 1 1 (3) 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65 1.7 1.75 1.8 1.85 8 13 18 23 28 Moisture Content(%) D r y D e n s i t y ( g / c m 3 ) 100%Silt 6%OPC 14%Quicklime 16%FA/6%CL/1%FGDG y = x 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Experimental Value P re di cte d Va lue 100%Silt 6%OPC 14%Quicklime 16%FA/6%CL/1%FGDG 6%CL/4%GGBS/3.2%OPC 16%FA/3.2%QL/3.2%GGBS/1.6%OPC 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 Compaction Degree A l l o w a b l e M o i s t u r e C o n t e n t ( % ) Silt 6%OPC 14%Quicklime 16%FA/6%CL/1%FGDG Fig.3 Compaction curve Fig. 4 Eq. 2 verification Fig. 5 MAMC at different compaction degree The parameters a for soil or treated soils calculated from the average value of )1( w d − ρ from the experimental data series on the wet side of compaction cures are shown in Tab.2.
The addition of FA/CL/FDG stabilizer increasing the solids content by bulking and reducing the free moisture through hydration reactions leads to significant reduction in water content of the soils and results in improvement in drying rate.

Despite extensive studies of constitutive behavior during LTSP, detailed microstructure evolution data are known only for 775 and 815°С [9].
The reduction per pass was 5-10%.
The total reduction of was ~50%, thus yielding a final sheet thickness of 2 mm.
A reduction of temperature to 550°C leads to a marked decrease in the fraction of the b phase to ~10%, thereby decreasing the length of the interphase boundaries and increasing microstructural instability.
The reduction in texture intensity during SP deformation can also be ascribed to grain-boundary sliding and the concomitant randomization effect associated with the rotation of alpha particles.

This is achieved by reduction of the friction that develops in the contact zones between tool and workpiece as well as between tool and chip.
After data of evaluation factors are obtained through grinding experiments, the performance of grinding fluid can be evaluated using an applicable evaluation model.
In this paper, the material removal ability and hardness reduction of ground surface was measured after grinding.
Using the index of Key Engineering Materials Vols. 283 material removal ability and hardness reduction, the boundary lubrication effects of cutting fluids had been examined.
The experimental results of the material removal ability are increased, and the hardness reduction of ground surface was decreased obviously.

Data analyses were carried out using PoSAP for the reconstruction and IVASTM for generating atom maps and particle analyses with Nmin = 5 and Dmax = L = S = 0.5 nm.
When 10 mm diameter rods are drawn down to 3 mm diameter wire in multiple steps in a lab at a drawing speed of 100 mm/s, the electrical conductivity and UTS (without any artificial ageing) vary with increasing drawing reduction as shown in Fig. 2.
It is evident that for both alloys, the tensile strength increases significantly with increasing drawing reduction.
By contrast, the electrical conductivity decreases by 1-2 %IACS with increasing drawing reduction as the diameter decreases from 10 mm down to about 5 mm.
Figure 2: Effect of drawing reduction from 10 to 3 mm diameter on the conductivity and ultimate tensile strength of Alloys 2 and 3 without any ageing, compared to the 3 mm diameter wire requirements from European Standard EN 50183:2000.

The membrane containing UT possessed an excellent antioxidant activity showing almost 100 % of reduction capacity of free radicals in 15 minutes.
However, the membrane without UT presented very poor reduction capacity (≥ 10 %) in 60 minutes.
Finally, the addition of UT improved dramatically the antioxidant activity of AL membranes showing almost 100 % of radical reduction capacity while AL membrane without UT only reached less than 10 % of radical reduction.
Tomaselli, Wound Dressings and Comparative Effectiveness Data, Advances in wound care 3(8) (2014) 511-529 [6] P.

The aim is to use the on-site monitoring system to realize the automatic collection of data sources and with the existing network resources in the plant the parameters are loaded to the plant-level real-time database to provide an opening data platform to all levels of management department of the plant.
The real-time data will be statistically analyzed and optimized to provide important basis to the normal operation of equipment and the reduction of producing costs.
Dual band (GSM900/GSM1800) and RS232 data port accord with ETSI compliant GSM0707 and GSM0705 and is easy to upgrade to GPRS module.
These lead feet can be divided into five categories such as the power supply, the data input/output, SIM, audio interface, control [4].
Every sensors of the fan receives the data and transmits them to PLC in real time.

According to the results, cross ply composite models can be found which have this ability to predict flutter boundary of the prototype accurately using free vibration data.
The effects of these relaxations should be fully understand in order to modify the model test data in such a way which able to predict the behavior of the prototype with good accuracy.
All other methods [sub-laminate level scaling, and general reduction of plies] yield partial similarity.

The fluorescence switching property can be potential use for optical data storage.
Introduction Photochromism is defined as reversible transformation between two isomers, which differ from each other not only in their absorption spectras, but in many changes of various physical and chemical properties, such as dielectric constant, refractive index, as well as oxidation/reduction potential, etc [1].
From the data, we can easily get a conclusion that both open-ring isomer and closed-ring isomer of this diarylethene were stable in solution at room temperature.