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Considering this, the authors investigated the newly proposed FS3D tube to find the heat transfer factors.
Information about some of the properties is presented in Table 2.
It is declared that viscosity is the most important property which may be changed by temperature.
Figure 5 shows the relation between Reynolds number and friction factor.
The physical properties of the fluid and its operational condition affect the heat transfer coefficient.

TRMs were developed over fifteen years ago, and several research studies have investigated their mechanical properties and their performance in retrofitted structures [1–3].
TRM composites are therefore often used for strengthening structures, and particularly for seismic retrofitting, due to their good mechanical properties and pseudo-ductile responses [7].
Secondly, TRM specimens manufactured with mortars M1 and M2 also show different maximum loads, indicating that mortar properties affect bond strength.
It was studied how different fiber configurations and mortar types affect bond behavior under cyclic loading.
Acknowledgements This work was partly financed by FEDER funds through the Competitively Factors ‎Operational ‎Program (COMPETE) and by national funds through the Foundation for ‎Science and Technology (FCT) within the scope of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007633.

These limitations, in general tend to be subject to degradation in the overall mechanical properties.
This piezo-resistive sensor has a gauge factor of up to 6 [3].
Also, this type of sensor can be used for detecting water intrusion in composite structures (humidity sensor) where the change of dielectric properties of the material is directly affected by the changing moisture content [9].
Also, this may prevent the epoxy resin from completely penetrating into the fibres (coated filaments) during the wet layup process, which can affect the mechanical properties of the composite.
In addition, the mechanical flexibility of the coated yarn was not affected by the PVD, which made the integration process much easier.

Generally, these models cannot evaluate the effect of the microscopic material size on the macroscopic mechanical property because they relate stress and strain between micro- and macroscopic scales.
However, the size of the pore may be one of important factors on the mechanical property of the material.
The relation was clearly affected by both of macroscopic and microscopic structure sizes.
The effect of the sizes of macroscopic and microscopic structures on the mechanical behavior of LDPE foam was investigated by computational simulation of bending of cantilever.

Composite resin veneering could be substituted for dental porcelain without the risk of deteriorating the mechanical properties of GER coping.
The factors contributing to this failure are: the type of adhesive and the chemical stable nature of the GER restoration, the treatment of surface, and the stress undergone by the prosthesis.
In order to improve the veneer-to-metal bonding, various treatments of surfaces have been used, including those which attempted to ensure the macro-mechanical retention and the micro-mechanical retention, etching technique, sandblasting [4-6].
The ANOVA analysis indicated that the bond strengths were affected by the type of surface preparation (P<0.05).
Thermocycling, which is frequently used for evaluation of bonding durability of adhesive systems, considerably affected the strength of the bond with the noble alloys.

Picosecond Laser Micromachining of Ultra-hard AlMgB14 Thin Films Ammar Melaibari1, a, Pal Molian2,b 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA Department of Mechanical Engineering, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA aammarm@iastate.edu, bmolian@iastate.edu Keywords: Thin film, Ultra-hard material, Picosecond laser, Micromachining Abstract.
Results indicated a clean material removal process characterized by absence of heat affected zone, high-speed scribing and small feature size.
The energy fluence for the removal of 100 nm thin film without affecting the silicon substrate was 0.3 J/cm2.
The laser beam profile is Gaussian with an M2 factor of less than 1.2.
Such a teardrop shape is attributed to the scanning speed and thermal transport properties of thin film; 4) the size of scribed zone changes in a more pronounced manner with pulse energy than scanning speed implying that the geometry of channel is best controlled by pulse energy; 5) higher pulse energies resulted in possibly some recast layer (Fig.2a, b) within the scribed zone probably caused by the remelting of silicon; 6) the particulate matter in thin films is not removed in most cases (Fig.2c-f) partly due to the size effect; 7) there is no overlap of laser pulses in cases of higher scanning speeds due to the fact that the beam velocity (spot size times pulse repetition rate) is slower than the galvanometer scanning speed; and 8) pulse energy 0.6 µJ/pulse and scanning sped of 1500 mm/sec are the most optimum in removing the film with almost no heat affected zone.

Metal-ceramic granules have been successfully used for machine processing of different details from various classes in order to impart them different physical and mechanical properties, including surface layer reinforcement helping weight optimization, surface sanitation as well as technological process optimization.
In this regard, the study of the mechanical and micro-structural characteristics of the materials obtained is important and relevant for predicting the physical and chemical properties of these materials.
It is well known that the mechanical properties of composite materials depend on the micro-scale solid state structure characteristics of atomic clusters [2-6].
This is why the microcluster structure of a material plays an important role in the analysis of mechanical properties.
Of great interest is the study of the fractal properties of materials and the cluster analysis of microphotographs.

A new nozzle was fabricated based on nozzle die angle which was one of the factors that can affect the stability of the extrusion process.
Every material possessed different properties which required different nozzle die angle [6–8].
All these factors was investigated to determine their impacts on the extrusion process [6–9].
These factors contribute to a significant impact on the finished parts as the new nozzle is better in terms of dimensional accuracy compared to the original nozzle.
Evaluation of dimensional accuracy and material properties of the MakerBot 3D desktop printer.

High ultimate strain, short molding cycle, recyclability and re-processibility are some of the driving factors for their increasing uses.
Using this way, composites with required mechanical properties for engineering applications can be projected and fabricated with a high flexibility in fiber kind selection and their proportions as well as laying-up method of fabrics[1].
And the yarns in fiber bundles would not straight with lighter molding pressure, which also leads to bad mechanical properties of composite laminate.
The processing parameters should be optimized in order to decreased the void and obtain the high properties of composites.
Hence, the mechanical properties of the composites will be satisfied.

Microstructure was examined and mechanical properties including hardness and stress-strain relationship were also investigated.
Metal forming may also improve mechanical properties through texture evolution and work hardening.
The grain size is one of the main factors leading to size effects and affects the plastic behaviour of material in the micro metal forming process [2].
Working hardening is important for the superior mechanical properties of cold formed parts.
The result also means that the mechanical properties might be varied from part to part due to the random character of the grain structure, especially for the parts with relatively large grains.