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In this case, the slag formation does not always have time to fume out from the bath during melting of individual particles, and large boride or carbide inclusions inherent to the starting powders do not dissolve and are fixed in the layer structure.
After applying samples were subjected to metallographic, X-ray diffraction and electron probe analyses, during which the dimensional characteristics and features of the structure of applied layers and cracking were studied; residual macro-stresses were evaluated.
Influence of laser power density, its distribution and application rate on the specific amount of cracks in the cladded layer: 1-0.5 m / min; 2-1m/min; 3-1,5 m / min; 4-2m/min; 5-1m / min, the uneven distribution of the power Conclusions and recommendations Having analyzed the results of the study it can be stated that the basic methods to reduce cracking are: evidence-based selection of the filler material considering solubility of the constituent elements in a base material and compatibility of thermophysical properties; adding into an applied material components, g-phase in particular, that contribute to forming of increased number of elastic components in the structure; use of optimal modes in terms of the minimum allowable thickness of the fusion layer; use of processes that reduce the cooling rate of applied layers such as an unequal distribution of power in the working plane (maximum in the front with a gradual decrease in the rear), scanning beam cladding, heating of items.
Physics and chemistry material processing. 1987, № 1, p.156-168

Synthesis of graphene load nickel nanoparticles composites with hydrothermal process Yue Fu2,a, Wenjing Cui2,b, Fei Yan2,c,Dongyu Zhao1, 2, d* 1 Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process & Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, China 2 School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin, China adackdemon@yahoo.com.cn, b317583421@qq.com, cyanfei731.love@163.com, dzhaodyu@yahoo.com.cn Keywords: Graphene; Nickel nanoparticles; Hydrothermal process; Nanocomposites Abstract.
Introduction Graphene, which consists of a one-atom-thick planar sheet comprising a sp2-bonded carbon structure with exceptionally high crystal and electronic quality, is a novel material that has emerged as a rapidly rising star in the field of material science [1-4].
Compared with other carbon materials, such as graphite, carbon nanotubes, and carbon fiber, the graphene comprised with a sp2-bonded carbon structure are predicted to have a broad range of unusual properties.
There shows obvious folding structure in both SEM images.

It is revealed cluster a structure and the arithmetic-mean roughness is certain.
Attention is attracted by the changes in the surface structure of agglomerated gold particles.
Silyutin Thermoradioactive activation and formation of ordering structure in dispersed minerals during laser inference; Physics and chemistry of materials processing, Vol. 2 (2011), p. 23-26

Models and equations The shape and internal structure of furnace door air curtain is relatively complex.
In order to research air flow and temperature field distribution of the gas door in the numerical analysis, computational grid, will inevitably result in the number of grid in the computational domain greatly increased if the grid is generated based on the actual structure.
For this reason, the geometry of the door air curtain should be reasonably simplified before building the calculating model, ignoring the structure that has little effect on the flow field and temperature field calculation.
Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, Vol 7(1987),p.267-273

Fig. 3a and Fig. 3b illustrates uniformly distribution of fibrous structure, but post-annealed thin films exhibit a dense surface [8].
[6] Funda Aksoy Akgul, Guvenc Akgul, Nurcan Yildirim, Husnu Emrah Unalan, Rasit Turan, Influence of thermal annealing on microstructural, morphological, optical properties and surface electronic structure of copper oxide thin films, Materials Chemistry and Physics, (2014) 987-995
[8] Aneta Lewkowicz, Anna Synak, Beata Grobelna, Piotr Bojarski, Robert Bogdanowicz, Jakub Karczewski, Karol Szczodrowski, Mirosław Behrendt, Thickness and structure change of titanium (IV) oxide thin films synthesized by the sol–gel spin coating method, (2014) 1-6

Wongpreedee 3, c * 1 Materials Science Program, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 3Gem and Jewelry Program, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand a panphot32@gmail.com, b narong.pr@chula.ac.th, c kageeporn@swu.ac.th Keywords: Fire assay, Cupellation, Bismuth, Gold , Hot dipping Abstract.
In Fig. 4, the BSE microstructures of bead buttons show somewhat grain structures at different shape sizes except S3 has no perfect grain structures and irregular shape structures.

Many attempts have been made to overcome the aforementioned issues via the synthesis of copolymers with designed polymer structure or through polymer chemistry approaches for the chemical tuning of sulfonated PEMs (e.g. cross-linking and layer-by-layer assemble).
The preparation of widely used sulfonated monomers is shown in Fig. 1, and various types of SPAEKs are listed in Fig. 2.Many groups also studied structure-property relationship using various monomers[9-12].
Fig.1 The preparation of sulfonated monomers Fig. 2 Chemical structure of SPAEK by direct copolymerization.

., Pantelimon-Ilfov, Romania 2 Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry "Petru Poni", Romanian Academy, Aleea Grigore Ghica Voda, nr. 41A, Iassy, Romania 3 University POLITEHNICA Bucharest, National Consultancy Center, 1 Polizu Str., Romania 4 Biochemistry Institute of Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei Str., Bucharest, Romania a roxana@imnr.ro, bchita@icmpp.ro, ca_meghea@chim.pub.ro, d m_giurginca@yahoo.com, e gnegroiu@biochim.ro, f mpopescu@imnr.ro Keywords: hydrothermal synthesis, nanostructured organic-inorganic hybrids, interface reactions between hybrid active layers and cells Abstract.
The paper presents the low temperature-high pressure synthesis of hydroxyl apatite-synthetic polymers hybrid materials and the influence of their structure on cell adhesion by in vitro tests.
Hybrid organic-inorganic structures were synthesized in situ through a hydrothermal procedure under high pressure conditions and low temperatures starting from organic polymers dispersed in precursor water suspension of hydroxyl apatite.
The formation of the hybrid structures under hydrothermal conditions was studied using differential scanning calorimetric method with a DSC Maya Netzsch apparatus.

The information about the chemistry and structure is provided by the absorption of near infrared light by materials [7].
Discussion Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been widely used for the study of biological molecules since the shape, intensity, and position of infrared bands are sensitive to the structure and vibration of the molecules [10].
Our results supports the evidence that the micro environmental ambient on the interface bone - HA enable the ions exchange, affecting the dense HA cylinder structure.

Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland 2West Pomeranian University of Technology, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Al.
Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, and Ni2+) exhibit the wolframite type structure [4].
Copper tungstate, CuWO4, belongs to the triclinic distorted wolframite type structure [4-6] in which every metal ion is surrounded by six oxygen ions.
Gebert, CuWO4, a distorted wolframite-type structure, Acta Crystallogr.