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Four set of specimen namely 00A, 08A, 15A and 25A were prepared where the higher number reflects higher Al content.
This was also confirmed by the surface morphology of the films which shows a number of small selenium flakes as shown in Fig 2a.
The XRD spectra analysis for CIAS films with different Al content is shown in Fig 1b in which higher specimen number denotes higher Al content.
The morphology after 3-step heating shows typical CIS structure with relatively large grains around 2-3µm in size.
Higher selenization temperature is needed to promote grain growth and remove the unwanted secondary phases.

A number of studies of international learners show that: the abandoned concrete after cleaning, crushing, screening and cooperate with each other according to a certain proportion may become the recycled coarse aggregate or fine aggregate.
The cement mortar grain which on the surface of the recycled coarse aggregate decrease greatly, and the bibulous rate significantly reduced.
Table 4 Working performance contrast of the recycled coarse aggregate concrete after second grinding and common concrete Number Coarse aggregate substitution rate after second grinding (%) W/C Material dosage /(kg/m3) Test slump (mm) Cement Sand Stone Coarse aggregate quantity after second grinding Water 1 0 0.42 464 573 1218 0 195 70 2 100 0.42 464 573 0 1218 195 75 3 100(Coarse aggregate substitution rate after frist grinding) 0.42 464 573 0 1218(Coarse aggregate quantity after first grinding) 195 30 Compressive strength of the recycled coarse aggregate concrete after the second grinding.
Table5 Compressive strength contrast of the recycled coarse aggregate concrete after second grinding and common concrete Number Concrete kind 7d 28d 1 base concrete 31.7 40.9 2 coarse aggregate concrete after second grinding 35.0 51.5 3 coarse aggregate concrete after first grinding 40.6 48.4 The test result table5 showed that, the 7 d Compressive strength of the recycled concrete prepared by the recycled coarse aggregate after the second grinding is higher than the base concrete by 9.4%, and the 28 d compressive strength is higher by 20.6%.
Analysis showed that, through the second grinding and broken, the cement mortar grain which on the surface of the recycled coarse aggregate decrease greatly, and the bibulous rate significantly reduced.

The physical and mechanical indexes of peaty soil change with depth Burial depth /m Sample number Natural density ρ/g/cm3 Natural void ratio e Natural moisture content W% Cohesion c/kPa IFA φ/° CM Es1-2/MPa 3-4 11 1.36 2.54 106 23.1 4.9 2.2 4-5 6 1.36 2.86 108 16.9 5.5 1.9 5-6 6 1.33 3.15 129 12.8 3.8 1.5 16-20 11 1.42 2.50 100 21.2 6.9 2.3 20-25 16 1.39 2.51 97 21.2 7.6 2.5 25-30 32 1.43 2.12 84 26.4 6.4 3.3 30-35 16 1.41 2.20 86 31.0 7.3 2.8 36-40 4 1.45 1.97 80 28.00 3.1 2.9 40-45 7 1.33 2.29 104 56.0 13.0 4.5 >45 7 1.37 2.35 93 51.2 9.6 3.8 Figure 2-1(a) The change rules of cohesion with burial depth on SPS Figure 2-1(b) The change rules of IFA with burial depth on SPS Figure 2-1(d) The change rules of cohesion with burial depth on DPS Figure 2-1(e) The change rules of IFA with burial depth on SPS Figure 2-1(c) The change rules of CM with burial depth on SPS Figure 2-1(f) The change rules of CM with burial depth on DPS Data analysis The correlation between cohesion
The engineering properties of different soil kinds are mainly determined by grain size but for the same soil kind, the mesco-structure is control factor.
The main chemical reaction processes is list as follows: anorthite： Kaolinite： illit： The links of soil grains will be weakened due to dissolving of these mineral materials.
This is because a large number of organic residues has participated in the formation progress of peaty soil and formed stronger structure by biochemical action.
A large number of organic residues has participated in the formation progress of peaty soil and formed stronger structure by biochemical action

The particle is W7 Al2O3 with primary mean grain size of 6.3μm.
Based on the conclusions from the preliminary experiments, four important variables are identified, namely the number of cycles, abrasive percentage concentration, abrasive mesh size, and media type.
With higher abrasive concentrations, more abrasive grains come into contact with the workpiece resulting in more abrasion, hence higher Ra value.
The effectively active abrasive number is lower for 5% concentration of abrasive so as to attain smaller material removal.
The experimental results show, surface roughness value decrease with the increase in number of cycles, but the roughness improvement is obviously before 30 cycles.

Table 1 Chemical composition of core and coating material(wt%) Sample number Cr Ni Si Mn B C Ti 1 19.2 14.00 0.75 2.00 2.25 0.15 - 2 19.2 14.00 0.75 2.00 2.25 0.15 1.0 3 core layer 19.2 14.00 0.75 2.00 2.25 0.15 2.2 4 19.2 14.00 0.75 2.00 2.25 0.15 5.7 5 19.2 14.00 0.75 2.00 2.25 0.15 7.9 coating layer 19.2 14.00 0.75 2.00 - 0.15 - Results and analysis solution treatment processes.
Table 2 Methods of solution treatment Sample number Heating temperature[°C] Holding time[h] Cooling mode 3-1 1100 2 Water quenching 3-2 3 3-3 4 3-4 5 Fig.1 Effects of holding time on the mechanical property of the composite plate As can be seen from Fig.1, the tensile strength is not changed obviously, the yield strength decreases with the increase of holding time , the elongation increases firstly and then decreases , so the best holding time is 4h.
Fig.3 shows that with the extension of holding time, the austenite grain in coating material grows up obviously, which is disadvantageous to the plasticity and strength of the composite plate.
Table3 Mechanical property of 304B7 in American standard A887-89 Number Grain size Tensile strength[MPa] Yield strength[MPa] Elongation[%] Hardness[HR] 304B7 A 515 205 17.0 100 Core layer fracture morphology of 1#-5# tensile samples are shown in Fig.5.

However, from present lab research to practical application even industrialization, there are still a number of problems.
A number of studies on PCE of OSCs have recently been reported, in which has shown many important methods for improving the performance of the solar cells.
A nice linear relationship indicates that the annealed temperature of 140 oC exhibits obviously grain refining, i.e. the crystallinity degrees of P3HT: PCBM were continuously improved with increasing annealed temperature.
According to the aforementioned findings, the high annealing temperature, the little grain of active layer.
PCEs of our cells are lower than that of others reported in numbers of literatures.

We note that with the micron sizes of the synthesized particles, the characteristic value ​​ of Knudsen number is small and effects of slippage and of temperature jump [19] are negligible.
Dimensionless Governing Equations The dimensionless values marked by tilde for dimensional ones are presented below , , , , , , , () Here ; ; ; ; ; ; is the temperature of gas that can be found using formula ; is the dimensionless heat transfer coefficient; are the heat capacities; are the heat conductivities; is the mass diffusivity; are the Mach and Reynolds numbers; are the thermal and diffusion Peclet numbers, subscript is referred to the air parameters at normal condition.
We apply [15,18] . (1) The constitutive equation of a nonlinear viscous porous material is expressed as [1,2] , where (W) is the effective stress and W is the effective equivalent strain rate of the porous material, is the normalized shear modulus, is the normalized bulk modulus, is stress tensor, is unity tensor, is the pressure of free sintering, is the grain surface energy, is the grain size (m) [1].

The fabrication mechanism is studied primarily through a lot of experiments, and the energy spectrum and grain structure analysis were carried out on the fabricated microelectrode.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 497 In this study, common stainless steel is selected as the workpiece.
Grain Change of Microelectrode.
Fig.8 shows that the grain of fabricated microelectrode is larger than the one of primary electrode.
It is too difficult to explain this fabrication mechanism using a simple theory, because the process Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 501 of discharge is a very complex physicochemical process.

In the first generation, biodiesel is made from natural vegetable oils, animal oils or waste oil；in the second generation, using lignocellulosic as raw material replaces grain consumption in the first generation.
Marine Engine Performance Using Biodiesel as Fuel Researches implemented by the academician show that biodiesel can be used as fuel on internal combustion engine due to the similar carbon number as petroleum oil.
Safety in Storage, transportation and application; cetane number of biodiesel is 56 while cetane number of petroleum diesel is 49, thus biodiesel is more suitable for compression ignition engine; Oxygen concentration up to 10 percent in biodiesel, more higher than petroleum diesel.
In first generation, food grains or waster oil from chicken are used as raw meteral, and in second generation, biodiesel can be derived from vegetable fibre.
In reality the feedstock is not enough because of consuming grains, waste oil recovery insufficiency and high cost of vegetable fibre refinery.Production cost of biodiesel does not compare with that of petroleum diesel.

At the same time a number of additional structural and technological factors in technical devices directly influence the value of the obtainable characteristics.
Microstructure analysis after different types of processing (Fig. 3) shows that additional cold plastic deformation by 30% leads to formation of ultrafine-grained structure.
Fig.3.c shows data on average grain size and their percentage, obtained by structure image processing in program VideoTest-Structure 4.0 and their quantitative assessment in program Statistica 6.0.
A microstructure of ТiNi samples after different types of processing: state of delivery × 20000 – (a); tempering, plastic deformation, broaching by 30% ×20000 – (b); grain size in TiNi alloy and its percentage after final processing – (c) To work out recommendations, ensuring BD action in the temperature range providing LISB reliability and safety, calorimetric investigation were made (Fig. 4), showing that at cooling the material undergoes transitions from high temperature cubic (В2) to low temperature monoclinal (B19,) structure, and experiences reverse transformation at heating.
Initial data for calculation comprise spring length L0; wire radius r0; winding radius of internal and external springs R1 and R2; number of coils n; modulus of material elasticity in shear G; experimentally defined parameters Е* and m, taking into account structural features, chemical composition, heat treatment, and defined by thermal-mechanical deformation curve approximated by its power function; for ТiNi alloy Е*=1800÷2200MPa, depending on heat treatment; m =1/3 [7].