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However, the images exhibited the mixture of poly grains and glassy medium dispersed throughout the samples.
The image (a) with poly grains displayed the reduced thermal diffusivity because of the large number of pores led to the less conductivity compare to the glassy image (d).
As the samarium dopant was further increased to 5 wt% the image (d) tended to form larger grains size and agglomeration image, which reduced the porosity that allowed the sample to restructure [14].

The 3-stage samples show a rough surface morphology with big (1-2 µm) grain clusters formed on a smoother underlying layer as a result packing density of film is low, fig. 1-a).
The 2-stage samples obtained with Cu/In-GaSe sputtering sequence show smooth surface formed with big and densely packed 1µm across crystalline grains.
The cross-section of these samples shows a dense solid structure where grain boundaries are difficult to be detected, fig. 2-b).
This work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal (FCT), through a research grant number POCTI/CTM/38721/2001.

As for object with characteristics of thixotropy, when the shear rate is constant, its apparent viscosity will decrease with increasing the shear time, which makes shear stress decrease continuously, and when the shear stress is removed, the apparent viscosity will recover its original number.
At the first stage of each step, the interaction velocity between solid grains was faster than velocity that liquid be squeezed into the clearance of solid grains to act on deformation, therefore, the deformation resistance of solid skeleton was very high.
When strain rate was 10 -1 s-1, there was plenty of time for liquid to be squeezed into clearance between solid grains, therefore, the maximum flow stress was low and there is no "step peak stresses".

Table 5 Material maxing ratio and laying sequences Lithology Slice thickness /cm Thickness /cm Ratio number Density /(kg/cm3)*10-3 Sand /kg Calcium carbonate /kg plaster /kg Water /kg Slice thickness /cm Repetitions Fine-grained sandstone 12.5 170.5 446 1.6 189 16.8 25.2 28.9 6.25 2 Siltstone 10 158 664 1.55 160 13.95 9.3 23.1 5 2 9 coal seam 42.5 148 455 1.6 642.6 71.4 71.4 99.6 5.3 8 Siltstone 14 105.5 437 1.6 211.7 14.2 32.9 32.4 7 2 Medium sandstone 29 91.5 464 1.6 438.5 58.5 39 67 4.2 7 Fine-grained sandstone 32.5 62.5 737 1.55 554.8 21.2 49.4 78.2 4.6 7 Siltstone 14 30 446 1.6 211.7 18.9 28.3 32.4 4.7 3 Sandy mudstone 16 16 464 1.6 241.9 32.3 21.5 37.1 5.4 3 11 coal seam 13 0 673 1.4 240.6 24.9 10.7 34.5 4.5 3 Sandy mudstone 18 0 773 1.55 288.4 25.7 10.9 40.6 4.5 4 Fine-grained sandstone 7 0 437 1.6 105.8 7.1 16.5 16.2 3.5 2 Table 6 Similar parameters Items Geometric similarity Poisson's ratio similarity Proportion similarity Stiffness similarity Value 1:50 1: 1:1.5 1:75

The configurational entropy of mixing per mole could be expressed as ΔSmix = ̶ RΣni=1cilnci (1) where R is the gas constant, ci the molar fraction of the ith element, and n is the total number of the constituent elements.
Microstructure of Co free alloy (HEA3) shows a Widmanstatten like morphology by growth of plates from grain boundary films of the same phase into the second one forming colonies of parallel plates as shown in figure 2 c.
The widmanstatten plates rich in Fe and Cr can be seen growing into the Ni and Al rich grain from the grain boundary.

presupposes a higher drops' number, which affects the surface morphology.
Annealed at 900 oC Au/Ti(70)/Al(30) contact had a surface roughness of 27.7 nm and a main grain size around 800 nm (Fig. 3b), while RMS of 80.3 nm and a grain size around 1.2 µm were measured for the Au/Ti(30)/Al(70) contact after annealing at the same temperature.
Further increase of the annealing temperature up to 1000 oC caused an increase in surface roughness and grain size to 101.2 nm and 1.6 µm, respectively (Fig. 4b).

Among a number of investigations of the strength enhancement in Cu-Ti alloys, we have focused on using hydrogenation process for the alloys.
It is reported HDDR process is effective for obtaining fine grains in these alloys.
Recently, we also reported the grain size refinements of Cu-3mass%Ti alloys by hydrogen heat-treatment of HDDR process [11].
The grain size of the alloy is found to be about 20-50nm after HDDR treatments such as hydrogenation treatment at 350°C under hydrogen pressure of 7.5MPa for 48h, followed by the hydrogen desorption treatment at 530°C for 4h in vacuum.

Introduction The losses of stored grains caused by insects are more important because of the favorable climatic conditions to their development and the poor storage conditions [1].The Tribolium confusum are widespread and destructive insect pests of stored wheat flours.
This insect causes both quantitative and qualitative damage to the grain.
After 2h, the numbers of insects present on treated (Nt) and control (Nc) areas of the discs were recorded.
Acknowledgements This study was supported by the “Eleventh Five Year Plan” grain bumper crop plan project (2006BAD02A17).

Infrared spectra were recorded via a Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer (TENSOR 37, Bruker, Germany) in a wave number range from 400 to 4,000 cm-1.
The average grain size ranged between 17~28nm.When the reductant dosage declined to the ratio of 1:0.45, the size of the crystallite cut down to 17nm due to more sufficient combustion.
The prepared powders had single-phase cubic yttria structure with the minimized grain size of 17nm.
Calcinations would improve the crystallinity and meanwhile caused grain growth.

The machining debris in the machining gap is driven by the working fluid flow, and its movement follows the Newton's second law, so the machining debris movement equation can be expressed as follows [5]: (4) (5) (6) where up, vp, wp are the velocity component of the machining debris in the x coordinate, y coordinate and z coordinate, respectively, ρp is the density of the machining debris, FD(u-up), FD(v-vp), FD(w-wp) are the drag force of the unit mass grain in the x coordinate, y coordinate and z coordinate, respectively, gx, gy, gz are the acceleration of gravity of the machining debris in the x coordinate, y coordinate and z coordinate, respectively, Fx, Fy, Fz are the additional force of the unit mass grain in
The diameters of the cylindrical electrode and the abrasive stick are both 10mm, and the total number is 8.
The workpiece is SiC ceramic, so the machining debris is selected as SiC ceramic, and its density is 3020kg/m3, the grain size is 10μm [6].