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The number of test cycles for all samples was the same and comprises 1000.
Strengthening phase are found in the form of scattered large particles along the grain boundaries, and as evenly scattered inside grains of fine particles [11].
It is known [12-14], that for protection of the volume of grains relatively mild matrix from abrasion necessary dispersed discharge, such as fine nitrides of alloying elements.

The effects of grain boundary, surface layer of oxide and surface micro topography on the mechanical properties can not be ignored any longer.
Single crystal copper is a kind of important material in numbers of researches, such as nano processing and simulation modeling.
After plastic deformation, the distance between grains become smaller, which prevent dislocation from slip.
Fig.6 shows that dislocation glide and grain boundary sliding lead to some small glide lines which look like small grooves (marked with the black arrow in Fig.6).

The first effect is that it could decrease grain growth (small grain size) in columnar direction (columnar grain), resulting in higher strengthening [2, 10, 11].
Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank Suranaree University of Technology, National Research Council of Thailand for fund supporting this project under contract number SUT7-713-55-24-12 and CSM Instruments Company Switzerland for supporting the scratch and nanoindentation hardness tests.

ZrB2, because of its higher costs of production, has found a limited number of applications [3-4].
The reinforced phase of ZrB2-YAG-Al2O3 ceramics with Al2O3-Y2O3 composite powder coated is shown on the grain boundary (Fig.3-c), however, the reinforced phase of ZrB2-YAG-Al2O3 ceramics with YAG-Al2O3 composite powder mixed is shown among the crystal grain (Fig.3-d).
The reinforced phase of ZrB2-YAG-Al2O3 ceramics with Al2O3-Y2O3 composite powder coated is shown on the grain boundary, which is help for decreasing the oxidizing reaction of ZrB2 and O2, the microstructure of oxidized ZrB2-YAG- Al2O3 ceramics is shown in Fig.8.

The grains are dense with agglomerated particles.
The average grain size is around 20 – 30 nm, with the grains for the 60-nm thick film is larger.
Since thicker seed layer contains larger number of TiO2 crystal seeds, higher growth of nanowires can be expected along with the etching process which results in thicker wire diameter as compared to the thinner seed layer.

After sintering, rotary forging, drawing and annealing treatment, the Fine Rare Earth Oxide particle dispersed in grain boundaries, which causes little impact to the thermoelectric potential homogeneity.
Because of added Si, Al, K elements in the traditional W-Re thermocouple wire, the large number of K-bubble were dispersed in the grain and grain boundaries[10-12], which has very adverse effect to the thermoelectric potential homogeneity of W-Re thermocouple wires and reduce the temperature measurement accuracy of W-Re thermocouple wires.

However its usage leads to the obtaining coarse-grained luminophores which do not allow to prepare colloid solutions being available for the usage in medicine.
This method allows to reduce the duration and the temperature of the following treatment and to obtain more short-grained samples including those with nanosized particles.
For our investigation we took the samples marked as SPb with numbers 6 – 13.
In this case the small amount of little grains sized from 0.5 to 5 mcm is remained in the sample.

The Mg2Ca and MgZn2 were commonly detected in Mg-Ca-Zn alloys as precipitates along the grain boundaries.
It is observed that by the increasing addition of CaH2, the microstructures of samples were become more porous and the grains were finer.
The increasing number of Ca affected the microstructures of Mg alloy but not significantly altered the mechanical properties [11].
SEM microstructures observation revealed that the increasing addition of CaH2 affected the microstructures of Mg-Zn-Ca alloys to be more porous and finer grain size.

It is well known that superalloy hardfacings produced by welding process exhibit a complex microstructure based of dendrites and carbides localized in the interdendritic regions as well as at grain boundaries [5].
At weld/substrate interface, the number of dendrites is small (Fig. 1A), and the size of columnar grain is large.
(A) phases formed over the grains of dendrite. 1000x, (B) detail of second-phase particles. 5000x.

The BFO microstructure consisted of grains with angular crystallographic and grains can be observed.
The lower RLmin values when measuring the composite with metal backed can be explained in Fig 5 (a) due to an increment in the number of interfaces where there are multiple internal reflections at metal boundaries which result in phase cancellation [10].
Hashim, “Broadening of EM Energy-Absorption Frequency Band by Micrometer-to-Nanometer Grain Size Reduction in NiZn Ferrite,” no.