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.% Al-doping concentration is due to the replacement of Zn2 + by Al3 + ions which introduced a large number of electrons in the doped film, thereby increasing the number of charge carriers and conductivity [8].Shelakeet al. reported the addition of Al dopant above the optimal Al concentration in the sol-gel process failed to raise thecarrier density but reduced the mobility, probably due to the increased scattering from the grain boundaries resulting from the reduced grain sizes with higher Al concentrations [9].
Electrical conductivity of ZnO is directly related to the number of electrons, electrons formed by the ionization of the interstitial zinc atom and the oxygen vacancies.

Introduction CRM has developed and patented a continuous casting technology allowing refining the as-cast grain size.
Indeed, achieving during solidification a fine, equiaxed and non-dendritic structure can result from an increased number of nucleation sites so that a large number of crystals are formed which soon impinge on each other and prevent each others growth.
Three types of steel powder have been used differing by the average grain size (from 100 to 700µ) and by the composition (0.002%C or 0.8%C) Three different series of tests have been performed and their main operational data are summarised in Table1, reference heats with a conventional SEN, heats with the HJN but without powder injection, heats with injection of steel powder through the HJN.
Configurations SEN HJN HJN +powder injection Number of trials 5 3 17 Speed [m/min] 0.9 - 1.6 1 - 1.7 1.1 - 1.8 SL ladle [°C] 56 - 25 76 - 24 79 - 39 ∆T1[°C] - 42 - 14 40 - 23 ∆T2 [°C] - - 28 - 7 Superheat Smmould [°C] 56 - 25 34 - 3 28 - <0 Flow rate[ kg/min] - - 1.2 - 4.5 Steel powder % - - 0.3 - 1.5 Table 1 - Powder injection trials in the CRM pilot caster During the trials, no perturbation of the steel flow inside the mould has been noticed.

For the i th interval, the sample cumulative probability Pi can be denote as rk/m+(i-1)/m, in which rk is uniformly distributed probability random number ranging from 0 to 1, m is the sampling number.
The number in the third line is the percentage of which each random factor contributes to the whole SD of tensile plastic strain.
Effects of Grain Orientation on Stress State near Grain Boundary of Austenitic Stainless Steel Bicrystals.

Introduction Magnesium and its alloys have excellent physical and mechanical properties for a number of applications [1,2].
The spraying distance optimisation was followed by spraying on substrates with the dimensions of 70*20*5 mm3 on the AZ 91 magnesium alloy with a surface ground by a paper with P-700 grain and degreased in acetone.
The EIS measurement was performed on a plasma coating surface ground by a paper with P-700 grain at the laboratory temperature in the frequency range from 10 kHz to 10 mHz.
Table 2: The measured and extrapolated numbers of Rp (Ω) from the Bode diagram of Al-Si and Si plasma coatings on AZ 91 in 0.5 mol NaCl.
Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic through the project with a number 14-31538P "Evaluation of bonding interface during and after plasma spraying of metallic materials on magnesium and magnesium alloy."

Finally, as received powders were ground using motar in order to reduce the agglomerate grains.
After incubation, the number of viable colonies of E. coli on each Macconkey Agar plate was observed.
This consequently results in the smaller grain size and larger specific surface area of Fe3+ doped TiO2 powder compared to those of pure TiO2 and Degussa P25.
The infrared spectra of all synthesized titanium dioxide powders in the range 4000–400cm-1 wave number are shown in Fig. 4.
Antibacterial activity of synthesized powder against E. coli Fig. 5 (a) and (b) present the number of bacteria survived after testing under UV and fluorescent light respectively, showing decrease in E. coli survivals with irradiation time.

The spherical Mn3O4 sample is of excellent fluidity and dispersivity, and their surfaces look close-grained and compact.
Obviously, the particle is significantly dense and compactly made up of a large number of granular crystalline grains of spinel LiMn2O4, which sizes are about 1 µm.
The spherical spinel LiMn2O4 cathode material is a very promising candidate to be used in the lithium ion batteries to greatly decrease the cost and the risk of toxicity. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 Capacity mAh g-1 Voltage V 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 Capacity mAh g-1 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 Capacity mAh g-1 Voltage V 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Cycle number Capacity mAh g-3 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Cycle number Capacity mAh g-3 Fig. 5 Initial charge/discharge curves of spherical spinel LiMn2O4 at 0.4C.

The extremely small crystals, typically a few nanometers in size, and the large number of grain boundaries, which represent nearly half the material's volume, are the origin of the unusual properties [1,2].
The structure and the properties of several nano-crystalline materials have been discussed by several authors, being catalytic activity one of the main areas of interest, because the nano-crystalline state can provide a very large number of active sites for reactions [3].
After 18h of milling time, a broadening of all peaks is observed, that indicates crystal deformation, strain accumulation and grain size refining.
As the white-lines intensity is proportional to the number of holes in the d band, it is seen that during the addition of aluminum, some electrons have migrated to Ni d-sites and that after the leaching process the electronic structure tends to the original configuration, although some experiments measuring this effect as a function of leaching time would help to clarify this issue.

Grinding experiments are investigated on Ti-6Al-4V alloy in order to evaluate the performance of the new developed brazed monolayer CBN wheels with regular grains distribution.
The specific energy versus number of grinding passes for a new wheel is shown in Fig.5.
Fig.6 illustrates the temperature of ground surface when machining on different conditions. 0 1 2 3 4 5 40 50 60 70 80 90 Specific energy (((( J/mm3)))) agmax(((( µm)))) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 50 55 60 65 70 75 Specific energy (((( J/mm3)))) Number of grinding pass Fig.4 The relationship between specific energy and the maximum undeformed chip thickness (vs=17.5m/s, vw=1.8m/min, ap=0.1mm) Fig.5 Specific energy versus number of grinding passes 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0 20 40 60 80 Temperature (((( o C)))) ap (mm) vs=17.5m/s vw=0.3m/min 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 30 60 90 120 150 Temperature (oC) vw (m/min) vs=25m/s ap=0.1mm 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 0 20 40 60 80 Temperature (((( o C)))) vs ( m/s ) vw=0.3m/min ap=0.1mm (a) Depth of cut (b) Table speed (c) Wheel speed Fig.6 The relationship between the temperature of ground surface and the process parameters It
The grains of the surface layer are lengthened in parallel with the ground surface or grinding direction, which results mainly from sliding, plowing and cutting during the grinding process.

Before the thermal annealing (left), we observed a quite rough surface, characterized by triangularly shaped grains with facets perpendicular to the <11-2> directions, which is typical of the growth mode of 3C-SiC on (111) oriented nominal silicon substrates [5]. 288 286 284 282 C-C C-Si 1300°C 1200°C Intensity (arb. units) Binding Energy (eV) 900°C Fig. 1: Evolution of C1s core level recorded on 3C-SiC(111)/Si pseudo substrates in dependence on the annealing temperature.
The initial grain shape has almost completely disappeared, and the morphology is characterized by the presence of flat domains separated from each others by some nanometers deep holes.
For a higher stacking number, STM images usually shows a triangular array of spots, even if under some special imaging conditions the honeycomb lattice can be seen even on graphite.
Our observations are in agreement with a reduced number of graphene planes on SiC.
The graphene layers present a high degree of ordering with a uniform number of stacking on large nanometer sized domains.

Fig.1 The train-track-subgrade analysis model 1) To assume the number of the wheelset of whole train is N, among which the initial position of pseudo-static of the n-th wheelset is ,and supposed that dynamic deflection curve equation of single wheelset can be expressed as ,according to Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory, the differential control equation of can be obtained based on the train-track-subgrade system analysis model, which is shown as follows: (1) Where E is elastic modulus of rail, I is inertia moment of rail section, is quality of unit length rail, is spring stiffness of roadbed, c is damping coefficient, and is respectively pseudo-static and wheel-rail contact forces of n-th wheel set, v is train velocity, is Dirac function. 2) Respective differential control equation under different loading including pseudo-static and wheel-rail contact forces are then derived from equation (1), and then, to solve these differential control equations
b) Dynamic deflection curve equation under wheel-rail contact forces (3) whereis amplitude of wheel-rail contact forces, wherein, is Hertz contact stiffness, is amplitude of track irregularity, is flexibility coefficient of track, is flexibility coefficient of wheel,is corresponding circular frequency of wavelength of track irregularity, is pole of the contour integral, others are same as above. 3) To define new coordinate, on the basis of equation (2) and (3), dynamic deflection curve equation under train load can be expressed as follows: (4) So the loading which is produced by the n-th wheel set on the track at the point can be expressed as follows: (5) where is the maximum deflection of sleeper, is the number
of sleeper in the range of effective track deflection curve, k is the number of sleeper, d is the width of sleeper, others are same as above. 4) According to the superposition principle, the loading which is generated by the N wheelsets on the track can be obtained as follows: (6) According to the train formation of Xi’an metro line 6 and equation(6), at first, the calculation parameters including the amplitude of track irregularity, the wavelength of track irregularity, Hertz contact stiffness, spring stiffness of roadbed and so on should be determined, based on these, time-history curves of metro-vibration loading acts on tunnel structure at different velocity(as shown in Fig.2 ~Fig.5) is obtained by using corresponding calculation program, which is implemented by Matlab produce platform.
Table2 The permitted oscillatory velocity of historic timber structure Protection rank Position of controlled point Direction of controlled point The permitted vibration velocity [mm/s] Wave velocity parallel to the grain[m/s] ＜3600 3600～4900 ＞4900 The key places of historic sites under State Protection Column top Horizontal 0.18 0.21 0.24 The key places of historic sites under Province Protection Column top Horizontal 0.25 0.30 0.34 The key places of historic sites under City or county Protection Column top Horizontal 0.29 0.34 0.39 Wave velocity parallel to grain of Xi’an Bell Tower timber structure is 4490m/s, and Xi'an Bell Tower is a national key unit to be protected.