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Leonard et al. [10, 13] reported the endothermic peak for the first time in the literature.
Later, Loufakis et al. [16] noted that this peak disappeared during the second heating.
According to El-Mohajer et al. [11] the amorphous-crystal interphase depends on the crystalline phase area (smaller crystals having greater area lead to a larger amount of the interphase).
Al-Raheil, Polym.
El Mohajir, N.

Simultaneously, Aluminum-glass (Al-glass) substrates were prepared by evaporating 30nm Aluminum and were used throughout this study as PVDF/MgO substrates.
The PVDF/MgO(7%) solution was spin coated on Al-glass at 1500rpm for 90s.
As stated by Mohajir et. al., and Tang et. al., the temperature between 70 to 100ºC were found to convert α-phase of PVDF to β-phase which contributed to the increased in the dielectric constant[1, 4-5].
El Mohajir and N.
El Mohajir and N.

DEM simulation is helpful in further explaining the findings introduced above made by Cheuk et al. [5] from the microscopic point of view.
The homogenous grounds in both cases were generated by the multilayer under-compaction method (UCM) firstly proposed by Jiang et al. [13].
The deformation pattern corresponding to different d observed in this simulation is consistent with the results obtained from centrifuge tests conducted by White et al. [4] and Cheuk et al. [5].
This conclusion is consistent with the experimental observation conducted by Cheuk et al. [5].
Capano: Research Report EL-2870 (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., 1983) [3] E.L.

Chukwu et al. conducted a rubber formulation study utilizing 5 phr ZnO and 6 phr stearic acid [44].
According to Delchev et al., additives added to rubber compounds can increase elongation at breaks.
El Sabbagh, O.S.
El Kinawy and S.M.
El Sawy, Material and Design 32, 2835-43 (2011)

The results in Fig. 2 indicate that the YS, UTS and %EL of 304 LN SS at 283 K are higher than that of the specimen tested at 223 K.
But the increase in %EL with lowering of temperature is in contradiction to common expectation.
Grosse et al. [31] have shown that in the low cycle fatigue regime, the volume fraction of DIM is insensitive towards straining frequency.
The observed nature of increase in er with sa is in good agreement with the trend of results reported by Kang et al. [36] for 304LN stainless steel and that by Gupta et al. [37] for SA333 Gr. 6 piping steel.
This relaxation is further followed by the decrease in effective ΔK and a lowering of crack growth rate as reported by Biswas et al. [6].

The anodizing AA6061 Al plate process can effectively reduce the galvanic corrosion of the AA6061 Al and C1100 Cu couples.
Kihn et al. studied the galvanic corrosion of Al-Cu alloy and concluded that the greater susceptibility to pitting resulted from second phase particles in the alloy [5].
An AA 6061 Al sheet was cut into specimens with dimension of 2×25×80 mm.
El-Houd, and F.
El-Shawesh: Mater. and Design, 29 (2008) p. 801

To perform the mechanical properties of the alloys, the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and elongation (EL) of the material were measured (Fig.1).
The results show that in all of the samples without heat treatment the fifth sample has the best ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and elongation (EL), However, there is no significant change on yield (YS) of each sample.
Iron-related porosity in Al-Si-(Cu) foundry alloys.
[17] Terzi, S. et al.
[21] Liu, L. et al.

%Al alloy.
Al-Ti-B and Al-Ti，and rare earth have been used to refine α-Al grains[8,9].
When more TiC particles are added into Zn-Al melt through the master alloy, more α-Al grains are formed and smaller the α-Al grain size in a Zn-Al matrix.
Free Ti atoms provide constitutional supercooling in Zn-Al α-Al melt near solid TiC particles, thus enhance the nucleating rate of α-Al on α-Al TiC and hinder the dendritic growth of α-Al grains.
Abou El-khair, A.

Chen et al. [4] investigated the effect of inter-layer temperature on the mechanical and microstructure properties during ultrasonic vibration-assisted (UAV) WAAM of copper alloy (Cu-8Al-2Ni-2Fe-2Mn).
Shah et al. [2] studied the deposition of single-bead and single-layer deposition of CuAl8 in different substrate orientations by varying WFS (wire feed speed)/TS.
El-Husseiny et al. [6] used a CMT-based MIG (metal inert gas) setup for manufacturing a bi-metallic structure by using two different wires, i.e., HSLA and Silicon-bronze, and the structure showed high integrity.
Composition of ERCuAl-A1 (%) Cu including Ag Zn Mn Si Al Pb Other Remainder 0.20 0.50 0.10 6-8 0.02 0.5 CMT welding torch was mounted on a 3-axis machine where both torch and substrate can be oriented from 0° to 90° for experimentation.
[6] El-Husseiny, M.M., Baraka, A.A., Oraby, O., El-Danaf, E.A., & Salem, H.G. (2023).

A study done by El-Menyawy et al. [11] has illustrated that energy band gap, Eg of ANPA thin film drop off from 2.47eV to 2.1eV for an increase in film thickness from 105nm to 265nm.
Valaski et al. [16] has stated that electrical characteristics were strongly influenced by film thickness.
Methodology Three undoped conjugated polymer; PT, PPY and P3TAA solutions were synthesized by Hasiah et al. in 2008 as reported [18].
As reported by Carquigny et al. [19] and Viau et al. [6], electrolyte solvent did affect the thickness of organic polymer thin film deposited by electrochemical polymerization even with the same number of scan.
El-Menyawy, A.A.