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DEM simulation is helpful in further explaining the findings introduced above made by Cheuk et al. [5] from the microscopic point of view.
The homogenous grounds in both cases were generated by the multilayer under-compaction method (UCM) firstly proposed by Jiang et al. [13].
The deformation pattern corresponding to different d observed in this simulation is consistent with the results obtained from centrifuge tests conducted by White et al. [4] and Cheuk et al. [5].
This conclusion is consistent with the experimental observation conducted by Cheuk et al. [5].
Capano: Research Report EL-2870 (Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif., 1983) [3] E.L.

Figure 5 - XRD patterns for samples obtained by route 1 using elemental (EL) and TiAl pre-alloyed (PA) powders and route 2 using hot pressing (HP). 3.4.
As noted in the microstructural analysis, the route 1 using elemental powders (EL) presented the lowest density, reaching a densification of 85% in relation to the theoretical density of the alloy.
Thus, these results indicated the efficiency of the use of pre-alloyed Ti-Al powders and hot pressing in order to obtain a maximum densification of γ Ti-Al alloys.
Figure 6 - Plot of density vs. sintering temperature for route 1 - using elemental (EL) and pre-alloyed (PA) powders and route 2 - using pre-alloyed powders and hot pressing (HP).
Darolia et al (Eds.), TiAl Compounds for Structural Applications.

There were different heat treatments to Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy.
In the experiment, we prepared cement-based smart composites by using the cement and Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy.
Experimental procedures Cu-Zn-Al shape memory alloy are mounted interpenetratly in the straight line and then tense and straighten the wires of Cu-Zn-Al and alloy with the self-made alignment by pasing revolution swage ends.
[3] T SUGAMA, L E KUKACKA, J B WARREN,et al: Journal of Materials Science Vol.21(1986), p.2159
[4] El-Hassan H, Abdelrahman M, Johnson C: SPE 92374, 2005, p.1

Apart from Penzien modal, El Naggar and Novak modal [2], Nogami modal [3], Boulanger modal [4] are also the typical preventatives of lumped parameter method.
In the paper, three seismic waves as El-Centro Wave, Nanjing Wave and Hyuga NADA-OKI Wave were chosen, and applied to the structure along the bridge, the waveform graphs and response spectra were shown in Fig.5, Fig.6, Fig.7, and Fig.8.
Under the excitation of Hyuga NADA-OKI Wave, the average moment increase 47.0% and 46.6% than El-Centro Wave and Nanjing Wave respectively.
References [1] Penzien J, Scheffey C F and Parmelee R A et al: Eng.
ASCE Vol.90(1964), p.223 [2] El Naggar M., M Novak: Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Vol.14(1995), p.141 [3] T Nogami, J.

NIE, et al: Natural Gas Industry, Vol. 6(2008) p.48
[4] E.L.
Stark, et al: Geothermics, Vol. 36(2007) No.3, p.185-222
[15] E.L.
[16] E.L.

Box 179 New Borg El- Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt. 2Environmental Engineering Department, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, P.O.
Box 179 New Borg El- Arab City, Alexandria 21934, Egypt.
El-Badawy, A.
AL-Oqla, S.
Al Jawahery, A.

%El=CelCt×100% (1) Where EL is the percentage of the chemical element in the alloy, Cel is the concentration of the element in the alloy in ppm and Ct is the total concentration of all elements present in the alloy.
Al-Alimi et al., « Recycling aluminium for sustainable development: A review of different processing technologies in green manufacturing », Results Eng., p. 102566, 2024
Weidenhamer et al., « Metal exposures from aluminum cookware: An unrecognized public health risk in developing countries », Sci.
Stahl et al., « Migration of aluminum from food contact materials to food—a health risk for consumers?
[10] E.L.

Schulzeet. al. [5] had compared the machining strategies for drilling holes in chopped glass fiber reinforced polymeric (GFRP) composites.
El-Sonbatyet.al.used “Taylor Hobson Surtronic 3+” to obtain the surface roughness of the drilled holes of GFRP composites and measurements were taken at the middle of the holes wall[9].Varatharajanet. al. [10] used scanning electron microscope (SEM) to characterize the failure mechanisms on the drilled holes of glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (GFRPP) and GFRP composites.
El-gizawy and C.
Faria, et al., Effects of high speed in the drilling of glass fibre reinforced plastic: Evaluation of the delamination factor, Int.
El-Sonbaty, U.A.

Al-Degs, M.
El-Barghouthi, A.
Al-Ghouti, J.
Al-Laqtahb, G.Walkerb and M.
El Bahnasawy, M.

El Naschie [1] first proposed the concept of chaotic turbulence.
Lahmar et al. [4] proposed an optimized short bearing theory for nonlinear dynamic analysis of turbulent journal bearings.
Chang-Jian et al. [5] established a model of flexible rotor by turbulent short journal bearings.
Chang-Jian et al. [6] established a model of a flexible rotor-turbulent journal bearing system and gave a kind of solution of turbulent long journal bearings by Sommerfeld condition.
El Naschie: Fourth Cairo University MDP Conference, Cairo, (December 27-29, 1988), p. 389-399 [2] V.