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Within this standard, the grade of a steel is assigned using alphanumerical codes, which are built using the letter A, B and X followed by a two-digit number [6].
Higher grades present more fine-grained microstructures, such as mixtures of ferrite-bainite and ferrite-acicular ferrite, which allow them to gain superior mechanical properties [7].
Zone C is defined as the inter-critically reheated coarse-grained zone (IC CG HAZ) [16], and it is deemed to display the lowest toughness.
Grant Number 327009 References [1] National Institute of Science and Technology, NIST, (2021). https://www.nist.gov/
King, “Cleavage Initiation in the Intercritically Reheated Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone: Part I.

The total number of 4H-SiC wafers polished was 32.
The nominal grain size of α-alumina is 200nm.
The abrasive must also posses a grain size and hardness for which when in contact with SiC surface below a threshold pressure, no mechanical scratches on the SiC wafer can occur.
The concentration of the abrasive must be above a finite number, such that is beyond the abrasive-free CMP domain[13].
All current theories on polishing MRR predict a strong pressure dependence, either linearly by assuming constant abrasive particle number, or non-linearly by variable abrasive particle number because of the changing pressure.

Short Fatigue Cracks in Bone We began by carrying out experiments to detect and monitor fatigue cracks, developing a series of dyes of different colours which in order to measure crack numbers and lengths at various stages during a fatigue test [2;3].
We showed that cracks initiate in between the fibrous structures, known as osteons, which act as barriers to crack growth, much like grain boundaries in metals.
The model, developed as a Monte Carlo simulation, was very successful in predicting overall fatigue life as well as measurable microscopic variables such as crack number density and length distribution [4;5].
We applied a failure criterion to predict the number of ruptured processes.
As fig.3 shows, this number satisfied our criteria for the detection system, implying that it could be used as an appropriate signal for the repair and adaptation.

The fatigue behavior indicates that the increasing of stress level leads to decreasing of the number of cycles and the number of run-out specimens.
The minimum number of specimens used in fatigue tests was 12 samples by stress level.
The tests were interrupted when the surviving samples reached a number of stress cycles between 2 and 5×106 cycles.
An increasing of the fatigue stress reduces the number of the cycles.
The XRD identify only tetragonal ZrO2 phase, indicating that bioglass is an amorphous phase dispersed in ZrO2 structure, which presents refined grains, independently of bioglass content.

When subject to RDI fruit number per plant, fruit weight, fruit longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter were the main components contributing to yield increase of processing tomato, while decayed fruit number was the key factor restraining tomato yield improvement.
Fruit number per plant of processing tomato was not significantly different (p>0.05) among CK, F1, F2, F4, F5, F6, F7 and F8 but that in CK, F2, F6, F7 and F8 was significantly (p<0.05) 43.8﹪, 34.4﹪, 31.3﹪, 40.6﹪ and 46.9﹪ higher than F3, respectively (Table 2).
Furthermore, decayed fruit number was significantly lower in F5, F7 and F8 than F1, F3 and F6, but no significant difference was found among F5, F7 and F8.
Therefore, fruit number per plant, fruit weight, fruit longitudinal diameter and transverse diameter were the main components contributing to yield increase of processing tomato, while decayed fruit number was the key factor restraining tomato yield improvement.
Effects of regulated deficit irrigation on grain yield of spring wheat in an arid environment.

These investigations have shown that the hardness of the reinforcement material and the relation of the reinforcement particle size and the grain size of the cutting material influence the wear mechanism and the wear appearances.
Thereby, it came to a localization of plastic deformation in the area of the ferritic structure, by which it was displaced out of the intermediate area of the pearlite grains.
Then a random number between 0 and 1 is assigned for each element.
If the random number lies below the current particle filling degree, a new centre of the particle is defined where all elements around it, whose distances are smaller than the particle radius, are defined as particle.
On the other hand an increasing particle diameter with constant particle filling degree means a decreasing number of particles in total.

The possible mechanism of the CdSe grain growth by electron beam irradiation method was proposed.
The grain size of the sample, which calculated from the half-width of the diffraction peaks using the Scherrer equation, was about 4nm.
So with the increase of radiation dose, a large number of nuclei are formed, and the growth of crystal nucleus is difficult to increase.
The possible mechanism of the CdSe grain growth.

Also with decrease in grains size, high thermal conductivity was achieved by increasing the volume fraction.
This law is also independent of the particle mass and the number density of the particles [18].
The lower the grain sizes of these particles the more the distribution within the matrices of these metals as evident in the micrographs (Figure 1 a – d).
This property also has great influence on the volume fraction of the SiC, such that with a decrease in particle grain size, high thermal conductivity was achieved by increasing the volume fraction.

Based on a large number of welding tests to automotive lightweight material by CO2 laser, the microstructures of welded joint were tested related to performance. on the condition of welding technology, the relationship between the lower critical power of stabile deep penetration welding and welding speed and the focus position is deduced, In a coaxial and side protective gas conditions, through the optimization of technological parameters laser deep penetration welding can effectively avoid heat affected zone of high strength zinc coated steel becomes soft, welded comprehensive quality has been effectively controlled.
Because of the different cooling conditions, the grain size of heat affected zone is thinner than that of the weld pool grain obviously, these lead higher hardness value and high stress of heat affected zone, so fracture cracks are prone to appear near the heat affected zone and extended to the base metal zone.

Because of the features of high speed condensation, grain refining, little composition segregation, low cost and high rolling yield [2], many difficult-to-cut special alloy, such as high silicon electrical steel, high-speed-steel, Invar alloy, Inconel alloy and TWIP steel, etc, can be produced by taking advantage of producing dominance of the technology.
The project “Exploitation of High Silicon Electrical Steel Applied to Energy-saving Electric Machine”(project number: 2012AA03A506), independent undertaken by Wuhan Iron and Steel Corporation(WISCO), be placed in the national high-technology research and develop plan(863 plan), molten steel be cast into high silicon electrical thin strip by strip continuous casting and rolling technology[4-6].
Table 2 Main parameters for Baosteel' s pilot strip casting line equipment name technical parameters smelting equipments electric arc furnace/ LF/VOD 16t, 1 set each continuous caster type/ set number/casting number equal diameter twin-roll strip continuous caster/1/1 diameter of crystalline roller 800 mm casting speed(MAX) 110m/min-1 casting strip thickness 2-5 mm steel grade low-carbon steel/stainless steel/ silicon steel transportation roll roll surface wide 1350 mm flying shear type/maximum shear thick connecting rod／5 mm cooling control cooling type laminar flow cooling hot rolling mill type／roll surface wide /type of control 4-high hot rolling mill /1350 mm/control system equipped with HAGC coiler maximum coil weight 25 t Analysis of Experimental Equipment for Difficult-to-cut Alloy Material’s Near-net Shaping Production Equipment for High-speed-steel Casting Strip in Nanchang Changli Iron and Steel Corporation.
To solve the above problems, combined with national 863 plan in 2012, the subject “Exploitation of High Silicon Electrical Steel Applied to Energy-saving Electric Machine (project number: 2012AA03A506)”, as a part of high quality special steel’s core technology project(phase 1) in the field of new material technology, processing equipments for difficult-to-cut material’s near-net-shaping are researched and developed, as shown in Fig. 6.
Twin-roll casterφ300×500，casting speed 24～33m/min，casting pressure 490MPa, using AlN+MnS to be inhibitor, the strip is 1~4mm thick, main structure of casting blank is (100) columnar grain, and few（110）[001] grain in it.