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Recently, the structural properties of liquid metals attract more and more attention, for a large number of experimental researches reveal that the macro properties of metal materials are mostly defined by their microstructure.
It can also be seen clearly that the size of Cu6Sn5 CuCuCuCu6666SnSnSnSn5555 30um （（（（a）））） 30um （（（（c）））） CuCuCuCu6666SnSnSnSn5555 （（（（b）））） 30um （（（（d）））） 30um "grain" at Sn-1.8Cu/Cu interface is larger than those at Sn-0.5Cu/Cu.
These indicate the ripening process of IMC grains is accelerated by higher Cu content in the solder.

Fig. 3 The crack of oxide film Fig. 4 The round pits of oxide film Impey [12] observed that dry air yield a higher number of larger nodules compared to humid air.
It is clear that the grains and their boundary of the melt side of the residue and wrinkle oxide film were observed.
There are many cracks and round pits at the atmosphere side of oxide film because of the volume change during the transformation from γ-Al2O3 to α- Al2O3 (b) (a) Fig. 8 The bamboo like C-rich phase Fig. 9 The spectra of Fig. 8 (2) The melt side of flake residue presents obviously grain and feeding porosity.

(2) Minimum artifacts and distortion of the polished surface, enabling one to observe microstructure and grains clearly
In addition large numbers of pores were evenly distributed in the substrate.
In addition it could also be clearly observed the Pt film possessed columnar grains.

Introduction Self-standing diamond film is very attractive for several applications, such as the infrared window on missile with high Mach number, high power microwave device, and nuclear radiation sensor [1-3].
For example, fracture strength is reverse proportional to the grain size.
Both smooth surface and terrace are found in the films grown in the temperature range of 850 to 9500C, and the typical result in Fig. 2c shows three adjacent broken grains and their boundaries.

Its behaviour is shown in figure 2. 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 Laser power (W) 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 % geometrical dilution 300.00 320.00 340.00 360.00 380.00 400.00 420.00 440.00 Laser power (W) 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 11.00 11.50 12.00 12.50 13.00 13.50 14.00 14.50 15.00 % geometrical dilution (a) transverse speed = 0,8 mm/s (b) transverse speed = 1mm/s Fig. 2 Evolution of dilution width transverse speed (����: 8,730 mg/s � : 15,90 mg/s ) Finished surface The roughness of the surface and the number of cracks per lenth unit were studied, verifying their growing with the transverse speed due to the thermal stresses caused by the rapid thermal solidification and the dissimilar expansion coefficient of substrate
Moreover refined grains can be found on the top of the coating, and an increase of grains size is observable at the bottom of the coating (figure 4).

And Ti can solute more in Mg grain than Mg in Ti grain.
˄a˅� (b) Fig6.Microstructures of Ti-Mg FGM Fig.7 Secondary electron image of Ti-Mg FGM and element area distribute images of Mg and Ti Acknowledgment This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under the grant number of 50171049.

The source differed in grain size and probably in polytype (powder mainly 3C, solid feedstock 6H).
While the grain size of the powder was in the order of 100 µm that of the recrystallized source could not be analyzed.
Acknowledgment This work was financially supported by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung under the project number 01BM071.

It is known that MA is a complex stochastic process and the number of variables determining its evolution is too high. [6] In this paper, in order to explore the effect of nickel in preparation of Al2O3-TiB2, 10 wt.% of Ni as the adhesion agent is added into original reaction system which consist of Al, TiO2 and B2O3.
Moreover, Yan et al.[8] synthesized a composite of Al2O3-Ni and found that Ni particles were present both inside the Al2O3 grains and also along the grain boundaries.

A number of investigations on process control of pulse arc welding were performed at Yurga Institute of technologies of Tomsk Polytechnic University.
The intensity of staring creates suitable conditions for the release of gases present in the liquid metal and results in refining of the grains of the solidified metal, as confirmed by the structure of the metal of the fusion zone and the welded joint in welding with pulsed arcs (Figures 1 and 2).
In welding with the pulsed power supply, the weld metal is characterized by the equilibrium granular structure of ferrite, with small pearlite inclusions distributed along the grain boundaries.

The main virtues of borided surface are not only the high hardness surpassing in some cases even 2000 HVN (Vickers hardness number), but also very low friction coefficient and above-average resistance to an array of acids and to high-temperature oxidation in a broad range of temperatures from ambient up to approximately 1000 °C.
Texture is often present and also grain boundaries represent a fairly complex structural issue.
The spatial layout of the phases is usually such that FeB is on the surface and the needles in deeper layers are grains of Fe2B.