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.), in the refractory and chemically active materials structures manufacturing and in joining components in hard-to-get-at places, and in number of other cases [1].
The use of traditional welding methods in this case is impossible for a number of reasons, namely, there is no possibility of making a cutting of the edges as well as of placing a welding torch in a narrow gap [2, 3].
This so-called Rebinder effect is associated with the copper on the boundaries of austenitic grains flowing as on the walls of the capillaries and stretching thermal stresses occurring during the welding.
The analysis of the microstructure (Fig. 7(b)) showed that the microdefects in the form of the copper penetration between grains of austenite are also not presented.
Joining of the bronze with a tungsten-copper composite is provided by partial melting of the grains of the copper present in the composite.

It is superior to conventionally cast superalloy, because the elimination of the grain boundaries normal to stress axis enhances elevated temperature ductility and DS process provides a preferred low modulus [001] texture orientation parallel to the solidification direction.
The alloy microstructure consists of regularly packed cuboidal γ' particles in a face-centred cubic (fcc) γ matrix within a columnar grain.
The crystallographic [001] directions of the columnar grains were aligned parallel to the axis of both kinds of specimens.
The relationship of total strain range vs cycle number to failure from strain control tests at different temperatures of coated and uncoated specimens is plotted in Fig.3, Fig.4 and Fig.5, respectively.
The number of cracks was increased with increasing test temperature and strain range in most cases.

At a certain strain level, these dislocations annihilate and recombine as small-angle grain boundaries separating the individual grains.
The subgrains produced by this route are in the nanometer range and the average grain size could be reduced to about 20-30 nm.
Heat treatment could reduce the number of these defects.
In addition, such treatment could decrease the number of hydroxyl groups on the surface of the powder since hydroxyl groups are easy to react with holes to form peroxides which could also become the recombination centers of photo-generated electrons and holes.

Cutting tool Table 2: Cutting tool specifications [15] Tool maker SECO Tool part number DNMG 150608 MF1 CP500 Tool material Micro-grain cemented carbide Coating (Ti,Al)N-TiN Tool nose radius, rn [mm] 0.8 Nose angle [°] 55 For all the cutting experiments a sintered carbide-coated tools was used, as recommended by several researches [10,11,19].
A tool featuring a large nose radius (800 µm), a medium finishing chip breaker and a tough micro-grain structure suitable for intermittent operations on super-alloys and high speed steels is preferred(see Table 2).
Table 3: Material properties of Ti 15-3-3-3alloy Heat treatment Solution treated and aged Young’s modulus, E [GPa] 87 Yield strength[MPa] 769 Density, ρ [kg/m3] 4900 Thermal conductivity, k [W/Km] 8.08 Ni 625 The Ni alloy belongs to the group of the δ, γ’ alloys showing a fine-grain structure during casting (due to the δ phase) and excellent hardening potential by phase precipitation (γ phase and carbides dissolution).The chemical composition of the alloy is presented in Table 4.
It is prudent also to say that good surface quality reduces the number of sites where defects could be formed thus increasing the resistance of the finished work-piece to fracture or fatigue failure.

Although annealing reduces the number of defects in nanoparticles, it can also cause grain coalescence and increase the average crystallite size.
The increase in coercivity was caused by an increase in the regular phase fraction and grain agglomeration [25].
Grain size is also an essential parameter in adjusting the coercivity of nanoparticles.
Acknowledgments This research was financially supported by Penelitian Unggulan Terapan Universitas Sebelas Maret (PUT-UNS) contract number: 254/UN27.22/PT.01.03/2022.

Generally, a refinement of the primary austenite grains contributes to the increase in the number of graphite eutectic cells.
An iron powder was used, with the following chemistry (max. wt.%: 0.02C, 0.05Si, 0.2Mn, 0.015P, 0.015S, 0.3O2, Fe-bal) and characteristics (0.4-1.0 mm grain size, 2.7-3.0 g/cm3 apparent density).
A proprietary FeSi inoculant containing Ca, Ba and Al (wt.%: 0.75-1.25Ca, 0.75-1.25Ba, 0.75-1.25Al, 73-78Si, Fe-bal and 0.2-0.7 mm grain size) was used after the iron powder addition, as a double treatment.
Both cooling rate and inoculation are important and predictable factors, but a number of particular trends in the solidification pattern of slightly hypereutectic irons could also be identified. 3.

The number of cycles was fixed at 100000.
It presents a very equiaxial grain microstructure, with a very well defined grain boundary, and a lower grain size compared to the splat size of the high temperature deposited CS coating.
A low number of defects are detected in the high temperature deposited coatings compared to those observed in the coating projected at 800 ºC.

Introduction Currently, there were a number of investigations concerning the development of Al-Si alloys, due to their desirable castability, weldability, high corrosion resistance and other excellent properties [1, 2].
It should be noted that after 20 h ball milling, the grain size of Al, TiN and C particles are refined, which was caused by the repeated collusion between the hardened steel balls and powders leading to plastic deformation, fracturing and cold welding.
It is well known that severe plastic deformation of powders during MA process increase dislocation density and refine grains to micrometer scale.
It was worth noting that the substrate-to-ball impact per unit time increased with the numbers of balls.
Liu, Grain refinement of A356 alloy by Al–Ti–B–C master alloy and its effect on mechanical properties, Mater.

Since the traffic in datacenter has the burst characteristic, we should not only focus on the average but fine-grained momentary status of throughput and latency.
One-way delay needs fine-grained time synchronization between sender and receiver but not necessary for round-trip.
For instance, mean flow completion time or number of tasks which is completed before its deadline is the optimization target of flow rate limiter or scheduling strategy.
The offline analyzer module is run manually in which packet trace and digest information is read to compute throughput, latency, fairness and flow number before deadline, etc.
In IBperf, the generated testing packet carries timestamp to derive the fine-grained latency.

At high strain amplitude, the micro-crack primarily initiates from the grain boundary and propagates along the grain boundary and the eutectic phase boundary, where the incompatibility of local deformation is rather evident and the resistance of crack propagation is lower.
Because Al(α) matrix belongs to the faced-centered cubic (fcc) lattice and has a higher stacking fault energy, it has a number of propagated slipping systems and the critical resolved shear stress is rather low.
Under cyclic loading, even if bearing the lower plastic deformation, the dislocation could initiate easily and occur to cross-slip, resulting in the non-uniform deformation of parts and a large number of fatigue flats and striations.
Additionally at low strain amplitude, the micro-crack initiators usually nucleate from the defects such as the inclusions, pores, notches and irregular Si particles [14], as well as the non-uniform deformation of grains, and the failure exhibits a typical multistage fatigue crack growth feature [15,16].