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Park: Journal of Food Science Vol.73(2008), p.
Afboola: Journal of Food Science Vol.76 (2011), p.
Liu: Journal of Henan University (Natural Science Edition) Vol.31(2010), p. 28-30 (in Chinese)
Faergestad: Journal of Food Science Vol.70(2008), p.

It is thus a measure of the magnitude of an induced thermoelectric voltage in response to a temperature difference across the material.
For semiconductor materials the coefficient may be between 100μV/°K and 300μV/°K, in any case still very small.
The Seebeck voltage does not depend on the temperature distribution along the conductor but only on the temperature difference between the ends For comparison purposes the usefulness of thermoelectric materials for electricity generation as well as for heating and cooling can be characterized using a figure of merit incorporating these properties.
The figure of merit Z of a thermoelectric material is a measure of its efficiency as an energy conversion component and is defined as : Z = Σs2/ λ (2) Materials with high thermoelectric figures of merit are typically heavily doped semiconductors and for many years the best materials had a figure of merit of around 1.
Recent advances in materials science have increased this number to around 4.

The viscous behavior of the adhesive material and thermal mismatch between the dissimilar materials in the package were considered.
In a thin package, the coefficient of temperature expansion (CTE) mismatch between different materials is regarded as the main reason for warpage.
In order to save computational cost, 1/4 of the package with 64 joints (Fig.2) was investigated based on the geometrical dimensions and materials properties described in Jung's work [5].
Also, high stresses usually appear after several thermal cycles due to the creep behavior of the adhesive and solder materials.
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics Vol. 12 (2001), p. 667

Effect of Different Materials.
The strain rate history of different materials is shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 6 Effect of different thickness of material Fig. 7 Effect of different materials Summary (1) The simulation result was in good agreement with the experiment.
Zhang: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 129(2002), pp. 241-244 [5] G.R.
Noyan: Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering Vol. 126 (2004), pp. 10-17

However the previous researches have been fragments, focus only on special materials and theoretical or academic research.
Materials and Experimental Procedure The composition of HSi65-1.5 silicon brass alloy, HSi65-1.5 alloy (65wt% of Cu, 1.5wt% of Si and remaining of Zn) will be prepared through conventional casting method from commercially pure Cu, Si and Zn ingots (purity of >99.9%).
Acknowledgements The author gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51074087 and 51354001) References [1.]
Hans Conrad, 2000 Effects of electric current on solid state phase transformations in metals, Materials Science and Engineering: A Volume 287, Issue 2, 15 August 2000, Pages 227–237 [5.]
Yue Yuan, Wei Liu, Baoqin Fu, Haiyan Xu, Guangnan Luo, Guoyi Tang and Yanbin Jiang, The effects of electropulsing on the recrystallization behavior of rolled pure tungsten, Journal of Materials Research / Volume 27 / Issue 20 / 2012 pp 2630-2638 [10.]

Iron-Based Amorphous Magnetic Properties by Ni Content Tuning and Isothermal Treatment Pengfei Liu1,a, Wenjun Chen1,b, Junjun Li1,c, Rulong Zhou1,d and Bo Zhang1,e* 1Institute of Amorphous Matter Science, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei230009,China apfliu@mail.hfut.edu.cn, bchenwenjun@mail.hfut.edu.cn, c15256970922@163.com, drlzhou@hfut.edu.cn, ebo.zhang@hfut.edu.cn Keywords: Isothermal annealing; Ni; Amorphous; Ferromagnetic materials Abstract.
Hence, an appropriate annealing process is very important to improve the properties of these iron-based nanocrystalline magnetic materials.
Zhang, Fabrication of Fe-based bulk metallic glasses from low-purity industrial raw materials, J.
M, Finemet nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy: Investigation of glass forming ability, crystallization mechanism, production techniques, magnetic softness and the effect of replacing the main constituents by other elements, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 408 (2016) 177-192
Shek, Bulk metallic glasses, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, 44 (2004) 45-89

These observations suggested that the quantity and size of ablated materials depended on the pulse power and the confinement effects of the liquid.
The ablated materials appeared during the laser ablation need four stages to perform [4].
Dispersed materials can be nanoparticles, small clusters, free atoms and ions.
Kim: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 311 (2007), p. 424
Yang: Progress in Materials Science 52 (2007), p. 698

Sonboli, “Development of Fe3C, SiC and Al4C3 compounds during mechanical alloying,” Journal of Materials Science, vol. 42, no. 15, pp. 5911–5914, May 2007
Suryanarayana, “Mechanical alloying and milling,” Progress in Materials Science, vol. 46, no. 1–2, pp. 1–184, Jan. 2001
Uggowitzer, “Aluminium carbide formation in interpenetrating graphite/aluminium composites,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, vol. 448, no. 1–2, pp. 1–6, Mar. 2007
Duhamel, “Powder Metallurgy of Nanostructured High Strength Materials,” Materials Science Forum, pp. 1405–1408, Jan. 2007
Zhang, “Diffusion in mechanical alloying,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 67, no. 1–3, pp. 100–104, May 1997

The different hardening effect on materials caused by the same amount of creep and plastic deformation can attribute to the difference between the substructures resulted from the different loading history.
Acknowledgments Financial support from the Chinese National Science Foundation through the contract of 10776023 is appreciated.
[7] E.H.Jordan, K.P.Walker, A Viscoplastic Model for Single Crystals, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, 114, 19-26. (1992)
Lalwani, Thermodynamics of internal variables in the constitutive of the absolute reaction rate theory, The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol.67,No.9,pp. 3980-3990
Effects of Prior Creep on Subsequent Plasticity of Type 316 Stainless Steel at Elevated Temperature, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Vol.105,pp. 257-263. (1983). 150 200 250 300 350 0 1 2 3 4 5 pr i or cr eep: 0. 50% pr i or cr eep: 0. 75% pr i or cr eep: 1. 00% pur e t or si on Fig. 6(b) Calculated results of after prior creep )(3 MPaτ (%)3/γ ε 3/γ Cr eep Pl asi t i c Fig.6(a) Experimental results of after prior creep (%)3/γ ε 3/γ Cr eep Pl asi t i c )(3 MPaτ

At the end of 1990's, new materials for micro-extrusion forming have started to investigate in Japan [3].
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2002, (103): 35-44 [3] A.
Journal of Material Processing Technology. 2001,(113): 70～74 [9] N.Tiesler, U.
Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2002, (130): 456-461 [11] Panning B E.
Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2005,(04) [15] SI Hai-yan, SHEN Yu, YU Hu-ping.