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The properties of the diffusion layers, namely microstructure and phase composition, have been studied.
However, zirconium, niobium and vanadium nitrides also exhibit similar protection properties [2].
Because of their outstanding mechanical, optical, electrical and magnetic properties, thin films of nitrides have been widely utilized in many industrial applications.
Protective coatings of nitrides enhance corrosion and wear resistance, optical and electrical properties and serve as diffusion barrier.
Ln D versus 1/T for nitro-vanadized AISI 1020 steel Vanadium diffusion in the vanadium nitride layer is the primary factor affecting layer growth.

The benefit of pressurized sandwich structures lies in the possibility to adapt mechanical properties like stiffness and strength of components to specified loads without changing the geometry or gaining weight.
After the compression tests, the rebound properties of pressurized and standard components were observed and compared.
Fillers are used to adapt the density, optimize the workability or to affect the thermal properties [4].
Here the amount of resin and fillers for the interlayer was increased from 500 g/m² to 1000 g/m² to optimize the bonding properties and to ensure a smooth transition from core properties to outer face properties.
The mechanical properties were examined with a bending test.

Recently, graphene has played a promising role due to its exceptional mechanical and thermal properties and the broad range of applications.
It has outstanding electrical, thermal and mechanical properties [1].
A nano-composite material has good mechanical, thermal, catalytic, electrochemical and electrical properties.
The functionalized graphene showed better mechanical, thermal, and dynamic mechanical properties, as compared to reduced graphene/PU nanocomposites [78].
The homogenous dispersion of graphene in the polymer matrix is very important factor to enhance the properties of polymer nanocomposite.

Improving the properties of low-cost materials is a good opportunity to expand their application areas.
A synergism of the matrix and the surprising properties of added particles produce properties unavailable by natural materials [1].
The graphite morphology and the metal base structure define the mechanical and the tribological properties of the cast iron, which could be changed by thermal processing [12-14] and alloying [15,16].
Influencing the shape and quantity of the graphite phase, the properties of the coating may be varied.
Sharp, Properties and applications of composite diamond coatings, Wear 32 (1975) 315-325

Introduction Steel is an important industrial product and an essential raw material in daily life, mechanical manufacturing, and the defense industry.
These defects can reduce the strength, performance, and wear resistance of steel, affecting normal use and even potentially causing serious consequences [1].
Manual defect detection can lead to inefficient detection and subjective factors that affect detection accuracy.
Multiple parameters need to be constantly adjusted according to changes in environmental factors, or even the entire algorithm needs to be redesigned.
Intriguing properties of vision transformers[J].

Nickel-free high nitrogen stainless steel has become more important due to its impressive mechanical and corrosion properties.
Introduction Nickel free high nitrogen stainless steel has become a novel potential stainless steel due to its impressive mechanical properties, corrosion properties and biocompatibility.
Although previous work on the mechanical properties of wrought or powder metallurgy-made stainless steel is well studied [1-5], the effect of surface active elements sulfur to the nitrogen content as well as bio-compatibility is less researched.
In general, few surface active element (SAE) additions, like O, S, Ce, and Te, are able to change the material properties [8], molecular structure and phases [9-14].
These minor additions may also affect the ability to absorb nitrogen.

After reviewing the many reinforcement schemes, their inadequacies include the impossibility of efficiently unloading the compressed zone of the beam concrete, which significantly affects the stiffness and bearing capacity.
As a result of the experiments, the physical and mechanical properties of concrete and reinforcement are discovered and, based on the obtained results, their final class is determined.
Introduction The main task of construction is providing buildings with the property to remain operable throughout the entire life cycle.
The level of bearing capacity, both of individual structures and buildings as a whole, depends on many factors.
To obtain real physical and mechanical characteristics of materials, samples of reinforcement are selected and concrete samples are formed.

This paper presents the mechanical properties of a lightweight geopolymer concrete synthesized by the alkali-activation of a fly ash source (FA) produced by mixing a paste of geopolymer with foam produced by using NCT Foam Generator.
Production of stable foam concrete mix is depends on many factors such as the selection of foaming agent, the method used to prepare the foam to obtain uniform distribution of air pores, choice of materials, mix design strategies, and the processing of foam concrete [2].
According Nehdi [9], typically a trial and error method adopted to achieve concrete foam with the desired properties.
Morris: The Influence of Mix Design on the Properties of Microcellular Concrete.
Development and Properties of Low-calcium Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete.

The spinning conditions such as the compositions of the spinning dope, the bore liquid, the spinning temperature and the air gap length etc. affect the morphology and separation performance of hollow fibers[5,6].
Polyacrylonitrile(PAN) is one of the popular membrane materials used in the field of dialysis for its good mechanical and chemical stability and also for its good biocompatibility[7-9].
The PAN powder, PEG400 and DMF solvent were mixed at 35℃ in the dope tank, followed by mechanical stirring.
Since hollow fibers are self supporting ,the macrostructures such as the fiber diameters and wall thickness are very important for the mechanical properties[1].
The results show that the spinneret dimension is the key factor that determines the macrostructure of the membrane, the bigger the spinneret dimension the bigger the fiber outer diameters.

., Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. 3 University Malaya (UM), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
This would affect the solder ball joint strength and causing drop balls issue.
Our research study evaluated whether or not the moisture test affected the solder joint strength in long term aging process.
Reliability Test on TC Temperature Cycles (TC) stress tests were performed to study the mechanical properties and internal structure of polymer core solder balls in this experiment for solder joint strength test and Intermetallic (IMC) measurement.
IMC plays an important role as one of the factors that can affect the solder joint strength performance.