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The principle of the method consists in that the coating is cut into a number of cuts, perpendicular to each other, to form a grid.
Measured values of roughness parameters in anatomical directions - parallel to the grain and across the grain, were then evaluated by statistical methods and are shown in Table 2, from which it is clear that the required quality parameters are conditional also with surface roughness.

However, the number of apatite-like crystals was different; at the 1day immersed M-BCP sample in R-SBF, more crystals could be seen, but similar surface morphology was observed.
In Figure 4 a, d, non-immersed M-BCP surface had more porous structure and larger grain structure compared to P-BCP non-immersed surface.
Fig. 5 Ca (a) and P (b) ion concentrations dissolved from M-BCP and P-BCP with immersion period (1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 hours) Conclusion Sintered M-BCP had more porous structure and larger grain structure compared to P-BCP.

At the bias voltage -30 V, the a-C:B film shows high peaks grain particles on the a-C:B film surface.
When the bias voltage increased to -50 V the grain peaks particles of a-C:B film became low and dense, and the surface roughness decreased significantly from 7.89 nm to 6.01 nm.
The increasing of the open circuit voltage, current density, fill factor and finally conversion efficiency is attributed the dense and fine particles as supported by FESEM images and the reduce of optical band gap to the range of optimum optical band gap solar cell as confirmed by optical properties and the decrease of surface roughness at atomic level which therefore reduce shunt and series resistance of a-C:B film and increase the number of holes.

The extruded aluminum alloy has a higher conductivity than cast alloy as it diminish shrinkage, air bubbles etc..In the process of extrusion making electrons travel easier and then improve the electrical conductivity.However,the extruded alloy has a large number of dislocations and subgrain structure.Compared with the cast alloy,it has more fine grain and more grain boundaries which resulted in dispersion of electronic wave and therefore causing more resistance to electron passage.

Introduction NiAl intermetallic possesses a number of promising properties, such as its low density, high melting point and excellent oxidation resistance at high temperature, that make it an attractive replacement material for superalloys[1].
There exists the clear sub-grain, and this indicates that high temperature deformation of alloy is controlled by dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystalline.
Fig.3 Sub-grain micrograph of the Ni-40Al-8Mo-2Nb alloy deformed at 1373K and a strain rate of 2.08×10-3s-1 to 10% true strain Conclusions (1) The microstructure of the Ni-30Al-8Mo-2Nb alloy is the dendrite of NiAl, Mo and small amount of Ni3Al phases, the Ni-40Al-8Mo-2Nb alloy is also the dendrite of NiAl and Mo phases, and the Ni-50Al-8Mo-2Nb alloy is the irregular dendrite of NiAl, Mo and small amount of NiAlNb(laves) phases.

The trend resulted due to the coarser grain structure as tempering temperature increased.
The coarser grain structure will decrease the tensile strength [3, 7-8, 10].
Chen, and S.T Lui, Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing Volume 15, Number 1, February 2008, Page 29

It can be seen that the Mg17Al12 phases in AZ81 magnesium alloy after solution and aging treatment are distributed in the grain interior and at the grain boundaries and have granular and rod-like morphologies (see Fig. 1a).
With the increase in LCP amount, a large number of blocky Al-RE intermetallic compounds are formed and tended to segregation (Fig. 1e).

Though a good number of publications were available in the literature concerning systematically investigating the microstructure evolutions [4], the residual stress and hardness distributions [5], etc, but there was no information regarding the effect of the FSW weld surface morphology and microstructure on the adsorption properties of the inhibitor in the corrosive solution.
This result certified that fine and equiaxed recrystallized grains within stirred zone produced in the FSW process promoted the adsorption of sodium molybdate and resulted in the inhibitive effect superior to that for parent metal. 3.2 EIS in inhibited solution EIS spectra of the alloy and weld were recorded at the open-circuit potential (OCP) in corrosive solution with the addition of 0.008M Sodium molybdate as the inhibitor with different immersion times. the Nyquist plots of 5083 and FSW weld were measured with different immersion temperatures and illustrated in Fig.3 and 4.
Dynamic recrystallization grains within stirred zone promoted the specific adsorption of sodium molybdate.

The more the number of the multi-cladding layer, the formation of planar growth is more difficult.
The formation of the columnar will make more impurities gathered on the grain interface which results in weak plane of grain and more crack tendency.

In the experiments, cement from the Odessa plant with an average grain size of dС=25 µm was used.
The amount of fillers was 20, 40 and 60% of the mass of cement with a grain size of d1.
As the number of structure-forming centers increases, the processes of structure formation intensify, which affects the change in ΔV.
Thus, the effect of the ratios of the surface activity of filler particles and binder grains on the change in the optimal particle sizes of the dispersed phase is confirmed [13].
Since the carbonate filler satisfies the condition FN ≈ FВ, then, according to the conclusions made, the optimal ratio of the sizes of filler particles and binder grains is within dN/dВ<1.0.