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The use of XRD enables the operator to study different properties in a larger specimen surface area, which can be assumed to give a representative data.
The properties of steels are direct function of their microstructures.
The carbon concentration of steels affects the physical, chemical and mechanical properties to a large extent.
The degree of fitting of the refinement results were evaluated by minimizing weighted – profile R- factors (Rwp) and Rietveld standard deviations of the structural parameter (χ2) [3].
Significant amount of strain may be introduced during the sample preparation stage, which involved only mechanical grinding and polishing.

Summarizing the numerous experimental data on the study of the causes that lead to the appearance of cold cracks during laser processing, it is necessary to distinguish the main factors: structural, hydrogen, force, temperature and scale.
Of the above-mentioned main factors that cause the occurrence of the phenomenon of delayed destruction, the effects of residual austenite and diffusion-mobile hydrogen are practically not studied under laser quenching conditions.
The mechanism of the effect of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of steels is explained by the following provisions: the accumulation of molecular hydrogen in micro-voids, an increase in the content of atomic hydrogen in places of concentration of tensile stresses, a decrease in the free surface energy during the adsorption of hydrogen atoms on internal defects of steel [14].
of the processed materials and provide the properties of the surface layers of products necessary for various operating conditions.
Influence of hydrogen on the structure and properties of iron-carbon alloys, Mashinostroenie, Moscow, 1982 [11] Fedotov S.

As a result, the annealing temperature is the primary factor which affects the formation of the intermetallic phases of the cold rolling Cu/Al clad metal sheet, while the holding time is the second one.
In order to improve bonding strength and mechanical properties, copper/aluminum composite material needs heat treatment after cold rolling.
The heat treatment would not only lead to the interface diffusion, but also form interface diffusion layers and intermetallic phases[3] which has great influence on mechanical and electrical properties[4.5].
In conclusion, annealing temperature is the primary factor to the structure of the interfacial diffusion layers, while the holding time is ranked secondly.
Vaissiere, et al., Mechanical characterization of laser surface alloyed aluminium-copper systems.

Here ways of the control of properties of heterogeneous sol-gel systems to reach set electro-physical and mechanical characteristics of coatings are considered in details.
However properties of coatings depend appreciably on their synthesis and formation conditions.
The last is connected with more hydrophobic properties of a three-beam oligomer core.
As a result of it both electrophysical properties and elasticity of coatings has improved.
Coatings on a surface of powders can be extremely useful giving to powders necessary properties – magnetic, luminescent, increasing mechanical strength or lowering temperature of fusion.

In order to research the changes of concrete properties in freeze-thaw environment, five concrete samples with water-cement ratio respectively equal to 0.60, 0.65, 0.70, 0.75 and 0.80 were tested in freeze-thaw environment according to GB/T50082-2009 concrete rapid freeze-thaw cycles test method.
In this paper, we will emphasize the deterioration of the basic mechanical characteristics of concrete under freeze-thaw circumstances through freeze-thaw cycle experiments on concrete.
Under the same circumstances except for the water-cement ratio, equal amount of calcium hydroxide will be produced and the deterministic factor of the anti-carbonation of concrete is the spread of carbon dioxide.
One of the important factors that affect the concrete structure is water-cement ratio.
The Influence of Cycles of Freezing and Thawing on the Compressive Property of Concrete in Seawater [J].

The other factor affecting durability in CEBs is abrasion arising from the kinetic energy due to rainfall.
Assessment the Mechanical Properties of Soil Cement Interlocking (SCI) Bricks: A Case Study in Malaysia.
Mechanical and hygrothermal properties of compressed stabilized earth bricks (CSEB).
Hygrothermal properties of compressed earthen bricks.
Influence of compaction pressure on the mechanical and acoustic properties of compacted earth blocks: An inverse multi-parameter acoustic problem.

In this study, the effect of microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu-2.1Ni-0.5Si-0.2Zr-0.05Cr leadframe alloy after cold deformation was investigated.
The relationship between mechanical and electrical properties and the microstructural parameters was characterized to optimize the thermomechanical process condition of Cu-Ni-Si-Zr -Cr alloy.
Results and discussions Mechanical properties.
It was because secondary phase precipitating process was more easily to be activated at high temperature than at low temperature during the primary stage of artificial aging and the precipitates at this period was coherent with the base lattice and then led lattice distortion, which is a key factor to get peak hardness of the alloy[14].
The key factors of effects on conductivity of solid solutions are total volume and size of the solute particle, but elements and grain boundary also substantially affect the conductivity [15].

The reduction of chromium (Cr(VI)) ions by both of PVA/CS/(nano and micro)-SiO2) beads, as evaluated by the reduction duration taken were studied by photocatalytic process in which factors of SiO2 powders size and pH of reducing environment were varied.
Glutaraldehyde serves as chemical modification/cross-linking agent that increases the reduction properties while preventing the dissolution of CS in strong acids and improving the mechanical strength of CS [18-21].
Thus, this supports the better performance of PVA/CS/nano-SiO2 beads in photocatalytic properties.
Wang, Adsorption properties of N-succinyl-chitosan and crosslinked N-succinyl-chitosan resin with Pb(II) as template ions, Sep.
Wang, Adsorption properties of carboxymethyl-chitosan and cross-linked carboxymethyl-chitosan resin with Cu(II) as template, Sep.

One of the main problems for this system design is to measure long-time dynamic response signals and simultaneously estimate the structural dynamic properties.
In general, damage identification methods for structural health monitoring involve the structural dynamic properties.
Dynamic properties, such as natural frequencies, damping coefficients and mode shape, are directly related with structural stiffness or mass matrix.
To provide a common base of reference for the before and after damage cases, the eigen-values are used as normalization factors for the eigen-vectors.
Structural damages affect all three modes; especially, the first mode is dropped into 0.976.

Compared with the theoretical analysis, meshing feature and strength properties of the WN gear driving are gained.
In addition, taking into account the impact of factors of the fact manufacturing error and installation error in the design, in order to avoid the contact of the sharp tooth area, the curvature radius of tooth concave surface is larger than the one of convex surface with the meshing of gear tooth.
In this study, in order to study the tooth - contact vice -slave tooth of gear drive, taking the convex and concave arc tooth surface as contact model for three-dimensional geometry, for combined impact of a variety of factors in meshing, live meshing simulation and contact strength is analyzed under the load engagement of WN gear.
[2] Wang Wei, Luo Shanming, Chen Lifeng: Mechanical design and manufacturing, 2009, (2):72-73
[5] HE Song, GUNDA Rajendra: ASME Journal of Mechanical Design, 2007, 129(1):1064-1075