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Material Removal Rate Characteristics in Ultrasonic Aided Lapping of Engineering Ceramics Based on Single-Point Scratch Feng Jiao1,2,a, Bo Zhao 1,2,b, Chuanshao Liu2 and Xunsheng Zhu1 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China 2 School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Henan, China a jiaofeng@hpu.edu.cn; bzhaob@hpu.edu.cn Keywords: Material removal rate, Ultrasonic aided lapping, Single-point scratch, Engineering ceramics Abstract.
Introduction Engineering ceramics play an increasingly important role in the modern manufacturing industries because of their superior physical and mechanical properties [1].
Assuming that P is the normal load affecting the indentation on the material, the relationship between P and the feature size of indentation 2B can be expressed as [5] 2 P HBα= (1) where α is the geometry factor of the indenter and H is the Vickers-hardness of the material.
A critical load Pc for initiating a median crack is expressed as [6] 4 0 3 IC c K P H λ= (2) where λ0 is a dimensionless factor related to the indenter shape, KIC is the fracture toughness of the material and H is the Vickers-hardness of the material.

This definition describes the conditions and the factors influencing rock burst.
Scattered peeling at any moment Constructing is affected.
The geology conditions and rock mass properties have some common characteristics in the area of rock burst from K10+800 to K11+023 and from K6+650 to K 6+670.
Rock burst is a complicated geology phenomenon which is affected by many factors, for example underground water, structure and overburden depth and so on.
Institute of geological mechanical research of Chinese Acadamy of geological sciences.2007, Beijing, China.

The alloys were always quenched to form metastable, solid solutions to achieve desired properties and performances.
The impacting factors related with the changed microstructure caused by aging treatment were also investigated.
After a set of wet mechanical polishing treatments in the open laboratory, the samples were ultrasonically cleaned in acetone and ethanol respectively to remove the oxidized surface and other impurities.
From that we can conclude that the tree-like microstructure had a relatively weaker corrosion resistance comparing with the bulk material, and for this H atom was the principal factor as it acted on the tree-like phase firstly, making it soft and meanwhile weakening its corrosion resistance.
The preferred growing orientations of the hydride in each area circled by different colors are almost identical, and the former description proves that the microstructure of the bulk material is the main factor affecting the hydrides’ preferred growth.

Moreover, the preload significantly affects the dynamics of the rotational system.
Fig. 2 shows the CAE model after preprocessing, such as for links, knee joint torsion springs, material properties, revolute joints, contacts, and the hip joint angular displacement profile, which has an angular velocity of 120 deg/s as the condition of motion.
Through the full factorial design of experiments (DOE) with 2 factors and 5 levels, we generate 25 test cases as listed in Table A1.
Through the full factorial design of experiments (DOE) with 2 factors and 5 levels, we generate 25 test cases as listed in Table A2.
Koditschek, in: ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition (2007) [6] J.

Superior properties of this reinforcement are indicated by its high surface area and specific strength.
Some factors such as acid type, acid concentration and hydrolysis temperature are the main factors influencing on the overall efficiency of the hydrolysis process.
As a result, the physical properties of resulting composite will be improved.
Mattoso, Properties of thermoplastic starch from cassava bagasse and cassava starch and their blends with poly (lactic acid), Ind.
Mechanical behavior, Macromolecules. 34(9) (2001) 2921-2931

In the deep drawing process, the blank-holding force (BHF) is an important process parameter affecting the energy consumption and the successful production of parts.
In the deep-drawing process, there are many factors that affect DF and wall thickness distribution, such as the clearance between die and punch, the tool geometry, lubrication conditions, and the BHF.
Table 1 shows the mechanical parameters of the investigated material [7].
Table 1: Mechanical properties of the AA6016-T4 aluminum alloy (thickness: 1.0 mm).

The technical feasibility of the support structure and its cost are the key factors to determine if the system can market or not.
The investment size of solar thermal power system is the key factors to decide its application prospects.
The main factors leading to the cost difference are the movable giant supporting structure.
At the same time, occupancy of the area is bigger; a single set of area is big, affecting the system total units.
Considering the cost and technological factors, most of the nodes use welded hollow spherical joints.

Overall performance is generally determined by three properties: comfort, support and durability. [1] Foam is always used as a component in a composite system, serves as the “bridge” material that can tailor itself to supplement the other materials like spring and fiber.
Table1 Factors level table of foam sample Factors levels Foam types Foam combinations 1 ①latex foam A(50mm) 2 ②ordinary foam B(20+30mm) Experiment mattresses are comprised of pocket spring layer, foam layer and composite fabrics layer.
In the physical properties of mattress, peak pressure and average pressure can reflect the firmness of mattress. [4] So, they are important indicators of mattress comfort.
The choice of mattress foams is very important to the design of mattress, and it directly affects the body pressure distribution properties of the mattress and human comfort.
China Mechanical Engineering.1997, 08(01) in Chinese

Organic compounds at high temperature heat treatment will be carbonized, and the presence of free carbon will seriously affect the dielectric properties.of radome/antenna window.
The inflence of treatment process on the mechanical properties and variation of appearance before and after treatment were studied in this paper.
This was one of the important factors that decreaced tensile strength markedly.
References [1] H.F.Tian:Master Degree Thesis, Fabrication, microstructure and mechanical properties of silica reinforced phosphate composite , Harbin Institude of Tecnology, Harbin,China,2003 [2] Y.Zhou and W.H.Guo, Study on fiber coating and performance of phosphate composite, J.

Although these results, and those reported elsewhere [10, 11] provide essential information about how ECAP processing affect key engineering properties of AZ series Mg alloys, none has focused on the wear behavior of the processed alloy.
Several factors such as pressure, temperature, sliding speed and chemical composition of the mating surfaces can define the outcome of wear events in a decisive way.
The goal of the heat treatment was to further improve on the mechanical properties (strength, hardness and some ductility) of the processed material via ageing techniques, i.e. inducing the precipitation of constituents held in the solid solution.
Rai and Pathak [13], discussed that wear mechanism in Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel is defined by three distinct factors dominant at the low sliding velocity and high sliding velocity.
Conclusion Clearly ECAP processing of magnesium AZ80 leads to improved wear properties in this alloy.