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With low or poor glossiness, however, a large number of freshwater pearls are failed to meet the aesthetic requirements.
Strong reflections are seen at 26.3º, 27.2º, 33.05º, 36.2º, 38º, 43.1º, 46º, and 52.7º, consistent with the characteristic diffraction peaks of vaterite crystals based on the JCPDS standard card, suggesting that the pearls are composed of vaterite crystals.
Strong reflections located at 25.08°, 27.31°, 32.85°, 44.28°, and 50.63°, matching the spectrum of aragonite crystals in the JCPDS standard card, suggesting that the pearls are made from the regular hexagonal aragonite blocks.

Comparing with standard card (JCPDS card 83- 1880, on the bottom of the figure), the peaks are at the lines of the card, as (111) peaks shown, for all the samples indicating uniform and stable solid solution in the tetragonal phase.
It is known that in perovskite ABO3, the coordination numbers of the A site and the B site are 12 and 6, respectively.

(a)500; (b)4K; (c)10K; (d)20K Fig.2 XRD patterns of ZnO powders (a) and corresponding JCPDS card data (b).
Results and Discussion As shown in Fig.1, a large number of sphere-like ZnO powders are observed with about 5 mm in diameter The micro-spheres are made up of nano-petals connecting with each other (Fig.1d).
There are 5 peaks with 2q of 31.9, 34.5, 36.7, 47.4 and 57.6 indicated by , (0002), , and according to JCPDS Card (No.36-1451), respectively.

For bare SrTiO3, all the diffraction peaks were agreed with the JCPDS standard card of 35-0734 [6].
The peaks indicated in the Fe2WO6 sample matched with the JCPDS standard card of 70-0495 [7,10].
Apparently, this S-scheme electron transfer path exhibited the efficient separation of charge and improved the number of active species to destruct the pollutants and pathogenic microorganisms.

In the XRD pattern of MD, the three peaks at 2θ values of 22.0°, 28.4° and 36.1° are associated with (101), (111) and (200) reflection planes of crystalline SiO2 with the cristobalite structure (JCPDS card no. 39–1425) [1].
The diffraction peaks at around 32.5°, 35.5°, 38.7°, 48.7°, 53.4°, 58.3°, 61.5°, 66.2°, 72.4° and 75.2° are associated with (110), (-111), (-202), (020), (202), (-113), (-311), (220), (311) and (004), respectively (JCPDS 97-009-2367) [8].
From Fig. 3a and b, it is evident that the pore space’s number and volume of diatomite were increased by the freeze drying-modification treatment.
Conclusions The results showed that the freeze drying-modification treatment has effect on the pore space’s number and volume of diatomite.

Peak positions and relative intensities for the Zn/ZnO core-shell structure were compared to values from Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card for ZnO (JCPDS PDF #36-1451) and for Zn (JCPDS PDF #04-0831).
Raw microscale Zn particles are added into water, under ultrasonic condition [7], a number of cavitation bubbles are created around the slurry of Zn and H2O.
As a number of cavitation bubbles around the slurry of Zn and H2O can continuously move, grow up and finally collapse, a lot of the formed local hot spots could cause localized highly concentrated OH and H- free radicals in the process of the formation of H2O2 by the sonolysis of H2O, and simultaneously supercritical water were produced.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the grant from Changzhou University under the contraction number ZMF1002132.

Lutetium aluminum garnet (Lu3Al5O12, LuAG), due to its high density (6.73 g/cm3, 94% of BGO), high effective atomic number (Z=60) and other physical properties such as shock resistivity and chemical radiation stability, is known to be not only a promising host material for scintillating detectors,but also a suitable host lattice to contain Ce3+ , which enable to yeild high light output and fast decay because of the allowed 5d-4f transitions of Ce3+ ion[2].
XRD patterns of (a) JCPDS data of LuAG host and (b)LuAG:Ce3+ film.
It is clearly that all diffaction peaks are well indexed to the standard Lu3Al2Al3O12 phase (JCPDS card No. 18-0761).
[7]Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards-International Center for Diffraction Data: Powder Diffraction File (Pennsylvania, 1999), PDF numbers: 73-1368 and 82-0575, CD-ROM

All XRD patterns were found to be in good agreement with the reported standard data in JCPDS file 29-1301 regardless of the sort and content of rare earth ions do-pants.
The standard data for Sr3Gd(PO4)3 (JCPDS card no. 29-1301) are shown as a reference.
The ET efficiency ηx%Yb defined as the ratio of Tb3+ ions that depopulate by ET to Yb3+ ions over the total number of Tb3+ ions excited.
The total QE,η, could be defined as the ratio of the number of photons emitted to the number of photons that are absorbed, assuming that all excited Yb3+ ions decay radioactively.

The diffraction peaks at 30.5˚ and 35.9˚ are assigned to (220) and (311) scattering planes of g-Fe2O3 (JCPDS No. 00-39-1356) whereas peaks at 38.5˚ and 57.6˚ might be correspond to (311) and (422) of spinel Co3O4 (JCPDS No. 00-42-1467).
From higher magnification TEM image, we estimated roughly the number of walls of MWCNTs prepared at 690˚C.
Taking into account these numbers and assuming inter layer spacing 3.4Å, the number of walls is calculated as ~9 from the above measurement.
The results well matched with JCPDS No. 01-0646 standard card of MWCNTs.
XRD measurements show that number of walls of MWCNTs varied depending on a reaction temperature.

According to the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) card number 96-900-8568 (Table 2), the diffraction peaks located at 2θ 27.4311°, 45.3855°, 53.7515°, 66.1926°, and 72.8805° correlated with the (111), (220), (311), (400), and (331) crystalline planes of the cubic Ge phase.
The many monoclinic peaks matched the standard lines while one peak at 2θ = 30.2515° corresponded to the (111) direction of the cubic phase, which was in line with JCPDS card numbers 96-152-2144 and 96-152-1754, respectively.
(Å) D (nm) Phase Hkl card No. 24.1296 0.3509 3.6853 23.2 Monoclinic ZrO2 (011) 96-152-2144 26.8286 0.2430 3.3204 33.6 Cubic Ge (111) 96-151-2508 28.3401 0.3238 3.1466 25.3 Monoclinic ZrO2 (11-1) 96-152-2144 30.0945 0.4049 2.9671 20.3 Cubic ZrO2 (111) 96-152-1754 31.4980 0.4858 2.8380 17.0 Monoclinic ZrO2 (111) 96-152-2144 34.2240 0.4319 2.6179 19.2 Monoclinic ZrO2 (002) 96-152-2144 34.9798 0.3509 2.5631 23.7 Monoclinic ZrO2 (200) 96-152-2144 38.7045 0.4318 2.3246 19.5 Monoclinic ZrO2 (012) 96-152-2144 40.8097 0.8367 2.2094 10.1 Monoclinic ZrO2 (21-1) 96-152-2144 45.3981 0.5668 1.9962 15.2 Monoclinic ZrO2 (20-2) 96-152-2144 49.3117 0.5398 1.8465 16.2 Monoclinic ZrO2 (022) 96-152-2144 50.3644 0.5938 1.8103 14.8 Monoclinic ZrO2 (220) 96-152-2144 55.4386 0.6478 1.6561 13.9 Monoclinic ZrO2 (013) 96-152-2144 59.6761 0.5938 1.5482 15.4 Monoclinic ZrO2 (131) 96-152-2144 62.0243 0.9716 1.4951 9.5 Monoclinic ZrO2 (311) 96-152-2144 64.2105 0.7018 1.4494 13.4 Monoclinic ZrO2 (222) 96-
The x-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the zirconia sample showed polycrystalline structure of mixed phases of zirconium oxide, the dominant one of monoclinic structure of many peaks matched with the standard lines in addition to one peak at 2θ 30.2515° corresponding to (111) direction for the cubic phase according to JCPDS Card numbers 96-152-2144 and 96-152-1754, respectively.