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The finest scale is the microscopic scale, namely the scale of the crystal grains and the pores, the size of it are usually <1cm [1].
It is caused by mineral grain orientation, or the primary structural plane formed by the banded distribution of some elements.
Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering Volume 5, Number 2, 77-106, DOI: 10.1007/BF01240160 [3] B.
Volume 5, Number 1, 37-82, DOI: 10.1007/BF01450244 [11] L.

The bonding layer of coating and substrate has compact structure and fine grains; distribution of its hardness phases is uniformity.
The main phase which is eutectic composed of Cr/Ni solid solution is austenite of rough grains distributed.
Fig. 6 displays friction coefficients for the coating and substrate as a function of the number of sliding cycles.
Fig.4 Schematic representation of Fig. 5 Cross-section microhardness hardness measurement profile of the coating Fig.6 Friction coefficient for the coating and the substrate as a function of the number of sliding distance Table 3 The abrasion rates at different loads of gray cast iron and coating (sliding speed 5m/s) Material Wear rate/g·m-1 10N 15N 20N Coating 0.55 0.59 0.66 Substrate 2.3 3.52 4.41 4) Surface residual stress Fig. 7 illustrates the profiles of surface of residual stresses in substrate and laser cladding coating measured by X-ray stress analyzer, in which the σL represents the stress in the direction of laser cladding and the σT in the transverse to the laser cladding.

The main reason is that the grain of the sample is smaller than that of conventional sample (strictly speaking to Alloy sample, this should be referred to as sub-grain).
Second, annealing make the particle size, specific surface area and the number of surface atoms to increase, leading to the surface atoms less than the median and higher surface energy.
The ionic surfactant produces a large number of dangling bonds, with increased surface defects, so that luminescence intensity strengthen.

Finally, a set of heuristics is employed for fine-grained objects extraction.
According to definition, entropy value of a node gets increased as its number of sub-nodes grows.
So we put sub-nodes number n in our model as .
At the end, we get the fine-grained object data records extracting from a web page.

These quantities may be interpreted from CTPc diagrams or differential coefficients, and their comparison is possible only in case when the influence of the grain size of the primary austenite is taken into account.
• the basic, ideal critical diameter Do [14]: ( ) %C15.833G1.412G0.05284 D 2 o ⋅+⋅−⋅= (11) where G - austenite grain size according to ASTM norm, %C concentration of carbon
The number of cases in sets has been determined, namely, in learning - 170, in validating - 85 and in testing - 85.
The structure of particular networks as well as the number of training periods have been presented in Table 3.

They found that the switchability of domains in the grains was reduced due to the fatigue effects induced by point defect agglomeration.
Figure 2 shows the plots of bending stress versus the number of cycles to failure when the PZT-5 specimen was subjected to various amplitudes of electric field.
The S-N curves, for which the number of cycles to failure N is in logarithmic scale, illustrate linear relations for different amplitudes of electric field as follows: ( )fN S log106.11063.1 6 7 ×−×= for E=±0.5Ec ( )fN S log1027.1104.1 6 7 ×−×= for E=±0.8Ec ( )fN S log1093.01016.1 6 7 ×−×= for E=±1.2Ec ( )fN S log1086.01009.1 6 7 ×−×= for E=±1.5Ec Fig. 2 Fatigue S-N diagram Fig.3 Degradation rate against applied electric fatigue It appears that the fatigue life depends significantly on the cyclic electric field.
Similar observation was made by Makino & Kamiya [11, 12], who thus stated that internal stresses existed at the grain boundary, which degraded the strength.

The atlas shows that there is sharp absorption band near by 450cm-1 and are three distinct sharp band in 850~1050cm-1 range and is a 3500cm-1 width absorption band and also have four weak absorption band in different wave number.
Comparing the three sharp strong absorption band in 850~1050cm-1 wave number range with Si-O’s stretching vibration characteristics knows that The [SiO4]4- anions of Bi2SiO5 originated from the isolated [SiO4] tetrahedron in the glass to a chain connected structure[18].
Grain orientation distribution and development of grain line in highly ordered Bi4Si3O12 micro-crystals.

In the one-electronic-like equation: Hψi( r)=Eiψi( r) (1) The Hamiltonian is a functional of the electronic charge density and is composed, respectively, of the kinetic energy operator, the coulomb potential and the exchange-correlation interaction potential (in Hartree units): H(ρ)=-▽2/2+VC(ρ)+VXC(ρ) (2) Here VC is calculated in the self- consistent charge (SCC) approximation, the von Barth-Hedin potential is employed to VXC, and the charge density is achieved by ρ( r)=Σni|ψi( r)| 2, (3) in which ni is the occupation number of the eigenfunctions, or molecular orbitals, ψi(r).
ΔEb: The difference between the substitution system and NiAl grain Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Eb -476.82 -479.70 -481.25 -48 2.76 -481.87 -481.17 -480.10 -476.13 -469.99 Substitute Ni ΔEb -2.52 -0.36 -1.91 -3.42 -2.53 -1.83 -0.77 +3.21 +9.35 Eb -481.45 -483.65 -483.95 -485.53 -482.54 -481.88 -480.99 -479.97 -479.55 -474.04 Substitute Al ΔEb -2.11 -4.31 -4.61 -6.19 -3.20 -2.54 -1.66 -0.64 -0.21 +5.30 From the cohesion energies in Table 1, it can be found that Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Cu and Zn have a larger preference for the Al sublattice, for the differences of the cohesion energies between two systems in Al atom Ni atom 1-a 1-b which these atoms substitute the Ni or Al atom are over 2ev.
Fig.2 The charge density difference of (110) plane between the doped NiAl grain and the superposition of corresponding free atoms.
There are some trends that can be found with the increasing atomic number.

The dislocation interaction during the deformation process will produce a considerable number of point defects [5].
Elastic strain does not lead to any appreciable permanent change in the structure and properties of a metal; the applied load cause only slight relative and fully reversible displacement of the atoms or rotation of the mosaic blocks (each grain of metal consists of blocks, or sub-grains which form the so-called mosaic structure, or substructure) within the crystal.
[2] Metal and Alloys in the Unified Numbering System, 9th ed.

On the side surface image (not shown), a number of jagged and interdicted shear bands are observed near the fracture edge of the noble element-added alloys.
Third, according to Shear-transformation-zone (STZ) theory [12], nano-particles separate the glassy matrix into a number of STZs.
At same time, the grain size and volume fraction of the precipitation phases jointly dominate plastic deformation behavior of bulk metallic glasses, although the dispersion of nano-particles or dendrites is often beneficial to the improvement of ductility [11-12].
The best room temperature deformation ability was reached in a 10% secondary phase content and in a grain size range of 5-10 nm.