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Online since: May 2014
Authors: Christian Antonio, Piyachat Watanachai
Multilayer structures are possible by depositing additional layers of SU8 after post-exposure bake or development steps.
The microstructures produced are of very poor resolution and undeveloped photoresist in between structures are visually evident as well as curved edges, un-straight lines and semi-developed structures.
Swelling is also obvious as well as structure failure at some sections.
The above shows that VFM curing at 65°C resulted in catastrophic failure of the structure with the centre structure lifting off most likely from swelling during development.
Shaw, High Aspect Ratio Optical Resist Chemistry for MEMs Application, Electrochem.
The microstructures produced are of very poor resolution and undeveloped photoresist in between structures are visually evident as well as curved edges, un-straight lines and semi-developed structures.
Swelling is also obvious as well as structure failure at some sections.
The above shows that VFM curing at 65°C resulted in catastrophic failure of the structure with the centre structure lifting off most likely from swelling during development.
Shaw, High Aspect Ratio Optical Resist Chemistry for MEMs Application, Electrochem.
Online since: May 2011
Authors: Wen Jiang Ding, Meng Xue Zeng, Bi Yu Tang, Li Ming Peng
Results and discussion
Crystal structure and stability.
Mg2Ca and Mg2Y have a hexagonal lattice with the space group P63/mmc (#194) [15, 16], the crystal structure is shown in Fig. 1.
Crystal structure of Mg2Ca or Mg2Y.
For the hexagonal structure, there are five independent elastic constants, C11, C12, C13, C33 and C44 = C55 [19].
Electronic structures.
Mg2Ca and Mg2Y have a hexagonal lattice with the space group P63/mmc (#194) [15, 16], the crystal structure is shown in Fig. 1.
Crystal structure of Mg2Ca or Mg2Y.
For the hexagonal structure, there are five independent elastic constants, C11, C12, C13, C33 and C44 = C55 [19].
Electronic structures.
Online since: July 2011
Authors: Kui Yang, Chong Wang, Zhen Li, Chang Hui Yang
Fig.3 Apparatus of liquid nitrogen freezing
Micro structure.
Fig.5-c presented the structure of PVA/Na-MMT composite material with 3% PVA content, which had a similar structure to Fig.5-a.
So PVA/Na-MMT composite mainly appeared laminated structure.
For example, the composite presented parallel fold structure (Fig.4-e)and herringbone-like structure(Fig.5-e).
Journal of Materials Chemistry.
Fig.5-c presented the structure of PVA/Na-MMT composite material with 3% PVA content, which had a similar structure to Fig.5-a.
So PVA/Na-MMT composite mainly appeared laminated structure.
For example, the composite presented parallel fold structure (Fig.4-e)and herringbone-like structure(Fig.5-e).
Journal of Materials Chemistry.
Online since: May 2012
Authors: Fa Dong Qiao, Ming Xia Zhang, Xiu Fang Wu
The phenomenon shows that grits have special quality and structure characteristics, like its solid texture which will affect the microorganisms of Angel Rhizopus sp. in the effective use of nutrient component.
Vol. 70, (1987), p. 2499 [8] Yusheng Yang, Xianfeng Zhu, Pengpai Zhang: Science and technology of Food Industry (in Chinese) Vol. 26, (2005), p. 71 [9] Zhenmin Liu: Food Research and Development (in Chinese) Vol. 21, (2000), p. 15 [10] Haibo Zhang, Yan Zhang and Shaofeng Chen: Liquor Making Science & Technology (in Chinese) Vol. 10, (2007), p. 93 [11] Fei Que, Linchun Mao, Chenggang Zhu, Guangfa Xie: LWT Vol. 39, (2006), p. 111 [12] Fei Shen, Yibin Ying, Bobin Li, Yunfeng Zheng, Qing Zhuge: Food Chemistry Vol. 129, (2011), p. 565 [13] Yongmei Lu, Xin Lu, Xiaohong Chen, Mei Jiang, Chao Li, Mingsheng Dong: Food Chemistry Vol. 100, (2007), p. 1424 [14] Audrey Chingzu Chang: Food Chemistry Vol. 86, (2004), p. 61 [15] W.
Vol. 70, (1987), p. 2499 [8] Yusheng Yang, Xianfeng Zhu, Pengpai Zhang: Science and technology of Food Industry (in Chinese) Vol. 26, (2005), p. 71 [9] Zhenmin Liu: Food Research and Development (in Chinese) Vol. 21, (2000), p. 15 [10] Haibo Zhang, Yan Zhang and Shaofeng Chen: Liquor Making Science & Technology (in Chinese) Vol. 10, (2007), p. 93 [11] Fei Que, Linchun Mao, Chenggang Zhu, Guangfa Xie: LWT Vol. 39, (2006), p. 111 [12] Fei Shen, Yibin Ying, Bobin Li, Yunfeng Zheng, Qing Zhuge: Food Chemistry Vol. 129, (2011), p. 565 [13] Yongmei Lu, Xin Lu, Xiaohong Chen, Mei Jiang, Chao Li, Mingsheng Dong: Food Chemistry Vol. 100, (2007), p. 1424 [14] Audrey Chingzu Chang: Food Chemistry Vol. 86, (2004), p. 61 [15] W.
Online since: September 2013
Authors: Livija Cveticanin
It is worthy to say that the same mathematical model (4) corresponds to the electrical circuit shown in Fig.1.a, but also to a significant number of systems in biology, chemistry, economics, and mechanics.
It is believed that the model would give more accurate description of most of the problems in mechanics, electro techniques (engineering), including biology, physics, chemistry and economics.
The obtained models are suitable for description and explanation of a significant number of phenomena in engineering, physics, biology, chemistry, and economic.
Turukina, Coupled van der Pol-Duffing oscillators: phase dynamics and structure synchronization.
It is believed that the model would give more accurate description of most of the problems in mechanics, electro techniques (engineering), including biology, physics, chemistry and economics.
The obtained models are suitable for description and explanation of a significant number of phenomena in engineering, physics, biology, chemistry, and economic.
Turukina, Coupled van der Pol-Duffing oscillators: phase dynamics and structure synchronization.
Online since: November 2016
Authors: Emmanuel Iheanyichukwu Iwuoha, Charlton van der Horst, Bongiwe Silwana, Vernon Somerset
A Sensitive Reduced Graphene Oxide-Antimony Nanofilm Sensor for Simultaneous Determination of PGMs
Bongiwe Silwana1,2,a, Charlton van der Horst1,2,b, Emmanuel Iwuoha2,c
and Vernon Somerset1,d
1Natural Resources and the Environment (NRE), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.vsomerset@csir.co.za
2SensorLab, Department of Chemistry, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535,
South Africa.
Hicks, Impact of platinum group metals on the environment: a toxicological, genotoxic and analytical chemistry study, J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 41 (2006) 397-414
Anderson, Electronic structure controls reactivity of size-selected Pd clusters adsorbed on TiO2 surfaces, Science 326 (2009) 826-829
Heineman, Laboratory techniques in electroanalytical chemistry.
Hicks, Impact of platinum group metals on the environment: a toxicological, genotoxic and analytical chemistry study, J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 41 (2006) 397-414
Anderson, Electronic structure controls reactivity of size-selected Pd clusters adsorbed on TiO2 surfaces, Science 326 (2009) 826-829
Heineman, Laboratory techniques in electroanalytical chemistry.
Online since: July 2004
Authors: L.M. Socolovsky, O.E. Agüero, I.L. Torriani
All
samples present the Cu fcc structure.
All samples present the Cu fcc structure, with a small amount of Cu2O phase segregated.
This suggests that the Fe and Cu atoms coexist in a metastable Cu fcc structure.
All samples present the Cu fcc phase structure with a segregated secondary phase Cu2O.
In addition, complementary measurements are required to characterize structure and chemistry in order to determine the inhomogeneity of the solid solution unambiguously.
All samples present the Cu fcc structure, with a small amount of Cu2O phase segregated.
This suggests that the Fe and Cu atoms coexist in a metastable Cu fcc structure.
All samples present the Cu fcc phase structure with a segregated secondary phase Cu2O.
In addition, complementary measurements are required to characterize structure and chemistry in order to determine the inhomogeneity of the solid solution unambiguously.
Online since: June 2009
Authors: Hirokazu Munakata, Kiyoshi Kanamura, Suguru Omori
However, it is difficult to control electrode structures due to use of
concentrated catalyst ink and heat press process, resulting in low catalyst utilization.
Therefore, a uniformly porous structure with optimized catalyst/ionomer ratio must be constructed.
In this study, we developed this method to construct fine electrode structures for high performance DMFCs.
Nafion ionomer is charged negatively due to sulfonic acid groups in the structure.
The efficient utilization of electrode catalyst is expected to be due to a fine electrode structure obtained by the selective deposition of small particles in EPD.
Therefore, a uniformly porous structure with optimized catalyst/ionomer ratio must be constructed.
In this study, we developed this method to construct fine electrode structures for high performance DMFCs.
Nafion ionomer is charged negatively due to sulfonic acid groups in the structure.
The efficient utilization of electrode catalyst is expected to be due to a fine electrode structure obtained by the selective deposition of small particles in EPD.
Online since: January 2012
Authors: Ben Heng Guo, Mi Ya Su, Yin Yu Wang, Zhi Dong Liu
Some physical methods such as high pressure [1] and heat treatment [2] can effectively change the structure, so changing the functionality of whey proteins.
In general, primary structure of protein is not involved.
But the external factors that affect the internal structure and aggregation state of WPIs will inevitably affect its functional properties.
Fennema (Ed.), Food chemistry (p.321).
Hydrothermal modifications of granular starch, with retention of the granular structure: a review [J].
In general, primary structure of protein is not involved.
But the external factors that affect the internal structure and aggregation state of WPIs will inevitably affect its functional properties.
Fennema (Ed.), Food chemistry (p.321).
Hydrothermal modifications of granular starch, with retention of the granular structure: a review [J].
Online since: November 2010
Authors: Sakae Tanemura, Lei Miao, Cheng Yan Liu, Rong Huang
To the best of our knowledge, confirmation of formation mechanism will contribute to control the morphology and structure of products precisely and explore novel applications.
It is indicated that S3 has the best crystal structure correspondence to titanate nanotubes [12].
The crystal structure can’t be recovered by washing with deionized water though the final PH value of solution reach up to about 7.
To examine the influence of high sodium ion (Na+) concentration in post-treatment solutions on the structure of final products, we prepared the sample (S1) treated with 0.1M NaCl aqueous solution.
FTIR spectroscopy was applied to characterize the surface chemistry of samples.
It is indicated that S3 has the best crystal structure correspondence to titanate nanotubes [12].
The crystal structure can’t be recovered by washing with deionized water though the final PH value of solution reach up to about 7.
To examine the influence of high sodium ion (Na+) concentration in post-treatment solutions on the structure of final products, we prepared the sample (S1) treated with 0.1M NaCl aqueous solution.
FTIR spectroscopy was applied to characterize the surface chemistry of samples.