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Scanning electron micrographs show a very thin surface layer containing grains deformed plastically in the burnishing direction.
Generally, burnishing force, number of passes, feed rate, burnishing speed, ball material, workpiece material, ball size and lubricant are the main factors to be controlled [7].
However, contrary to them, simulation method used in our study is more efficient industrially because it reduces economic loses sine both number of experiments and process time are reduced.
Thus, this observation confirms well that ball burnishing changed the orientation of grains and deformed them in the direction of treatment.

The crystallized material was crushed and milled (grain size <45 µm).
The number of matrix vesicles per field width were estimated.
A thorough statistical analysis was not possible due to the insufficient number of specimens derived from only one animal per time interval.
The number of empty, amorphous, crystal and ruptured vesicles seemed to be less frequent than usual.

To date, large number of agricultural wastes were successfully converted into activated carbon, for example cotton stalk [1], fox nut [3], pawlownia wood [4], date stone [5], lotus stalk [6], and argan seed shell [7].
This occurrence contributed to high iodine number, BET surface area and total pore volume as shown in Table 1.
According to Ozdemir et al. [18], high grade of activated carbon is those having iodine number values higher than 900 mgg-1.
This observation was expected as swamp taro stalk is lignocellulosic material which is made up with large numbers of functional groups.
The surface was occupied by grains and cavities as a result of dehydration of volatile matter which leaves rupture surface of different sizes and shapes of pore [23].

The definition of three-A general monitoring elements system. 1) Time dimension Time dimension refers that each technical condition can be made as a unit to conduct fine-grained monitoring.
In the paper, each technical condition is made as a unit conducting fine-grained division in order to realize dynamic espial.
The number of property elements in this dimension can be changed based on the monitoring requirements.
The quantifiable requirements refers that the qualitative requirements are reflected via the quantitative data, such as the simplified design of circuit board which could be assessed by the statistics and analysis of the number of components.
And there are a number of technical conditions in each phase.

From 2 m to 4 m under the surface is clayey gravel with grains smaller than 5 cm.
The soil is consisted of pure gravel with grains bigger than 1.5 cm.
Identification number: 301 46.
Identification number: 69405.
Identification number: 19991.

These properties of cermets based on the composition TiC-(Ni, Mo) are related to formation of a kind of ring structure of carbides (Ti, Mo)C around grains of TiC.
This structure of alloy inhibits the growth of TiC grains during sintering and forms fine-grained structure, increases hardness, heat resistance and wear resistance.
Meanwhile, intensity of setting can be estimated from the following dependence: J=NT+NMFa, (2) where Fa is nominal contact area; NT, NMis number of active centres per unit of contact area, under thermal and mechanical activation, respectively.
Grain sizes of the wear-resistant layer (1) of NMCC obtained by using the FCVAD technology were 15-20 nm, and that allows classifying the obtained NMCC as nano-dispersed coating, while grain sizes of coatings with similar composition obtained by using standard technology of KIB-MeVVA are 120-160 nm.
Table 1 Tool material Chemical composition (atomic concentration, %) Grain size, nm Composition of wear-resistant layer Correlation of elements KNT-16 - - 1000-2000 KNT-16-(Ti-TiN-Ti1-xCrx)N (KIB-MeVVA) (Ti1-xCrx)N 45.2/54.8 120-160 KNT-16-(Ti-TiN-Ti1-x-yCrxAly)N (FCVAD) (Ti1-x-yCrxAly)N 43.31/30.31/ 26.38 15-20 Use of the developed FCVAD implemented in VIT-2 installation allows forming high-quality surface of coatings practically without micro-droplets, typical for standard technology of arc-PVD.

They were welded by GTAW with reserve polarity (DCEN) power source (ESAB Buddy TIG 160) was used, welding parameters and welding current used and the number of passes applied three pass welding given in table (2).
The optical microscope observation in a predominant austenite microstructure (bright color), and ẟ ferrite structure disperse grain boundary (gray color) (figure 2a).
Therefore a typical microstructure AISI 201 seen in figure (2b) similar result is reported [12], the grain size of structure austenite average 50-70 μm, and ferrite structure growth at the grain boundary.
The amount of ẟ-ferrite grains of AISI 201 lower than AISI 309 austenite stainless steels (fig 2), The AISI 201 contains about 2% of ẟ-ferrite does not contain deformation twin in microstructure [14].
Whereas the fracture surface of welding current (80 A), seen fracture surface in through intergranular grains (figure 7a).

The number of undissolved TiC particles in laser track A3 is higher than in A1 laser track, where only one undissolved TiC particle was found (as seen in Fig. 1a).
In addition, several packets of lath martensite originated at each austenite grain are also seen in Fig. 3a.
For the high degree of alloying associated to the A3 laser layer, precipitation of carbides at the dendrite grain boundaries and along the solidified metal matrix takes place.
Rod-like carbides (I-type), forming the carbide network surrounding the dendritic grain boundaries, and dendrite-like carbides (V-type) would be associated to the MC type carbides, as given by their high Ti and C content [3, 11,13].
Skeleton-like carbides (IV-type) are typically associated to the M7C3 eutectic, and it is composed of lamellae dendrites of carbides growing from mutually intersecting grains.

In fact, the stirring phenomenon and the friction acting between the shoulder of the pin and the sheets, greatly increase the part temperature so that the material significantly changes its structural characteristics due to softening effect: grain dimensions, local hardness, grain orientation.
Many studies conducted on FSW of aluminum alloys show that a number of process parameters can affect the welding conditions and the weld properties [3].
Basing on the large number of microhardness data collected during the experimental campaign, the evaluation of the FEM model was mainly concentrated on the analysis of the material softening.

In addition, the number and the complexity of production operations lead to an increase in the production cost of semi-finished parts of titanium alloys.
Grain boundary sliding and dislocation viscous glide mechanisms are considered when the value of n2 (1/m) of 2 and 3, respectively [33–35].
The dynamic recovery and the recrystallisation processes were confirmed by the grain structure analysis of both alloys in [27].
It can be suggested that such materials constants behaviour is a result of the dynamic grain growth effect [23,36–38].
Zhou, Development of fine-grain size titanium 6Al–4V alloy sheet material for low temperature superplastic forming, Mater.