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Surface damage of the sample consists mostly of from missing grains and minor part is due to crack nucleation and propagation during quenching.
Obtained results of the surface detoriation are given versus number of quench experiments in figure 2.
Obtained results at damaged level of the samples show strong correlation with number of quench experiments (R =0.98).
Obtained results showed that surface degradation could be correlated with the number of quench experiments with high coefficients of correlation.
This could be used for lifetime prediction of specimen during thermal shock testing presented as number of quench experiments.

Recently SPEA was modified in order to incorporate a fine-grained fitness assignment strategy, a density estimation technique and an enhanced archive truncation method –SPEA2 algorithm [4].
Meanwhile a number of other multiobjective evolutionary algorithms have been proposed, such as the algorithm of Knowles and Corne[5,6] , which is based on an evolution strategy.
Spatial dispersal: offspring are randomly distributed over the n dimensional search space by normally distributed random numbers with mean equal to zero; but varying variance.
sd=(sdmax−sdmin)∗(itermax−iter)miterm max+sdmin (1) where iter max is the maximum number of generations, iter is the current number of generation and m is the nonlinear modulation index.  4.
Competitive exclusion: with the growth and reproduction of weeds, after passing several generation, the number of weeds in a colony will reach its maximum.

Secondly, increasing the grain size reduces the number of defects, such as grain boundaries, the magnetization of which is less in the grain.
An active grain growth is observed with an increase in the SPS temperature, and a partial reduction of hematite to magnetite occurs at a temperature of 900°C and above.
In this regard, the magnetic properties of the oxide with weak ferromagnetism change with an increase in the SPS temperature, an increase in saturation magnetization is observed due to the formation of the Fe3O4 magnetic oxide phase, as well as a decrease in the coercive force due to active grain growth in the resulting ceramics.
Densification and properties of bulk nanocrystalline functional ceramics with grain size below 50nm.

A large number of goethite grows vertical to the pipe walls, forming thin scale with a b Fig.1.
A large number of perovskite crystal clusters form dense structure.
In the early and advanced periods of the third cycle of sedimentation, fine-grained perovskite spread in the magnesium hydroxide.
A large number of features of the last cycle of sedimentation of titanium appear to be platelike crystals of perovskite with euhedral and subhedral structure, locating in the fine-grained perovskite and magnesium hydroxide matrix, in the form of crystal clusters which are perpendicular to sedimentary layer.
Under the SEM, there are a number of small bright contrast particles.

This led to an increasing number of papers dealing with different nanocomposite wear-resistant coating materials, even if in many cases the origins of the attractive properties of these materials are not completely understood.
However, it has to be emphasised that not only the nanoscale grain size, but also the interfacial arrangement and strength are crucial in determining the coating properties.
Inferred from thermodynamics, this may be obtained for those compounds showing a wide miscibility gap in the solid state but a certain chemical affinity to each other to form highstrength grain boundaries.
Composite targets for sputtering can be produced by a number of techniques such as for instance sintering, hot pressing or hot isostatic pressing, or by plasma spraying of the component materials.
These electrons undergo ionizing collisions with neutral gas atoms and produce a greater number of ions and further electrons increasing the substrate ion bombardment, while a secondary plasma is formed in the region of the substrate.

Introduction There are a number of strain determination methods, but only some of them are adequate for investigating local stresses.
With the experimental set-up described in [9], the strain resolution of a few parts per ten thousand is achieved if a sufficient number of Kossel lines are used.
The method Briefly, in the proposed method, line profiles collected from a reference pattern (originating from an area which is assigned zero strain) are used to determine positions of corresponding lines in other patterns originating from strained areas of the same grain, and then − based on shifts of line positions − the strain tensor is calculated.
To describe the profile-based strain determination method let us assume that a number of diffraction patterns collected from different locations in the same grain are available, and one of them is chosen as a reference pattern.
The numbers below the profiles represent profile correlation coefficients.

In order to count the number of attached cells, cells were detached using 0.25% trypsin with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid and then resuspended in PBS.
The resulting formazan can be quantified spectrophotometrically and correlated with the number of viable cells and metabolic activity.
Fig. 3 Cell numbers attached to the surface of samples after 4 h seeding (presented as percentages of cells attached to Ti alloy).
When the corrosion is developing, the continuous distribution of glass matrix might prevent corrosion from spreading from one grain to another grain.
With regard to alloys, a large number of reports have shown that the ALP activity of cells was influenced by the surface parameters such as surface chemistry, microtopography and crystallographic orientation [15, 16].

However, the reduced concentration of reactant leads to the formation of a small number of crystal nuclei at the inlet of the microreactor.
In addition, small total fluid flow makes long growth time and large particle size of the grains.
Reynolds number of the fluid was calculated as Eq. 1: Re = rdu/m (1) Where Re is the Reynolds number, r is the density of the fluid, d is the diameter of the tube, u is the velocity of the fluid, and m is the viscosity of the fluid.
As can be seen from Figure 6 (B), the change of Reynolds number has little effect on the prepared particle size.
The absorption peak at wave number of 423.26 cm-1 is caused by the vibration of Fe-O bond, which is the characteristic absorption peak of Fe3O4.

They were obtained in a sulfonate bath containing a suspension of the aluminum powder with a grain diameter of 1-4 mm.
The research [23] investigated the effect of the titanium content in the coating and the size of its grains on the process of hydrogen evolution at 5 M KOH.
The coatings containing about 22 wt.% of Ti with the grain diameter of 150 and 45 mm and the coating containing about 50 wt.% of Ti with the grain diameter of about 45 mm were included in the research.
The research into the coatings which used the Auger electron spectroscopy showed that in the process of electrodeposition the Ti10O19 non-stoichiometric titanium oxide and the NiTi alloy are formed on grain boundaries between the built-in components of the composite and the matrix.
A simultaneous increase in the current density and lowering of the temperature caused a decrease in the number of particles contained in the coating.

Dissipation and slip band amount always increased over the number of cycles.
Therefore it could break at higher number of cycles.
The mean grain size was about 30 µm with a lot of annealed twins.
Dissipation and slip band amount always increased over the number of cycles.
Therefore it could break at higher number of cycles.