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Online since: August 2014
Authors: Tomáš Sezima, Eugen Sikora, Ivana Truxová, Lucie Kučerová, Tomáš Klimko, Veronika Matúšková, Pavlína Krečmerová, Radmila Kučerová
As the Decree includes only 12 derivatives among the Σ PAHs, it was necessary to additionally subtract the remaining values and to compare the newly obtained data of Σ PAHs again.
Comparison of the obtained data of sludge prior to and post biodegradation experiments and the limit concentrations of pollutants in Appendix 10 of Decree 294/2005 Coll. in order to assess the application of sludge as the feed material for the production of TAP.
Comparing the concentrations of EOXs in the samples after biodegradation and in the input sample, a reduction in the concentrations in PP+R and R samples was identified.
The most pronounced reduction occurred in the sample PP, namely of 66.3 wt %, in the sample PP+R of 57.7 wt %; the lowest decrease in the concentration of the sum of PAHs was in the sample R, i.e. of 47 wt %.
According to the analyses and comparison of the results of sludge samples prior to and post the biodegradation processes, there was a reduction in the concentrations of the following indicators: EOXs of about 35 % in the sludge sample labelled as R (using bacteria of Rhodococcus sp.) and in the sample labelled as PP+R (bacterial mixture); OCP shows a decrease in the concentration of individual substances of 30 to 75 % in all the three experiments; in the sum of PCBs there is a drop of 62 % in the sample post biodegradation labelled as PP (applying the bacteria of Pseudomonas putida), of 52 % in the sample labelled as PP+R; the sum of PAHs fell by 66 % in the post biodegradation sample labelled as PP and by 58 % in the post biodegradation sample labelled as PP+R.
Comparison of the obtained data of sludge prior to and post biodegradation experiments and the limit concentrations of pollutants in Appendix 10 of Decree 294/2005 Coll. in order to assess the application of sludge as the feed material for the production of TAP.
Comparing the concentrations of EOXs in the samples after biodegradation and in the input sample, a reduction in the concentrations in PP+R and R samples was identified.
The most pronounced reduction occurred in the sample PP, namely of 66.3 wt %, in the sample PP+R of 57.7 wt %; the lowest decrease in the concentration of the sum of PAHs was in the sample R, i.e. of 47 wt %.
According to the analyses and comparison of the results of sludge samples prior to and post the biodegradation processes, there was a reduction in the concentrations of the following indicators: EOXs of about 35 % in the sludge sample labelled as R (using bacteria of Rhodococcus sp.) and in the sample labelled as PP+R (bacterial mixture); OCP shows a decrease in the concentration of individual substances of 30 to 75 % in all the three experiments; in the sum of PCBs there is a drop of 62 % in the sample post biodegradation labelled as PP (applying the bacteria of Pseudomonas putida), of 52 % in the sample labelled as PP+R; the sum of PAHs fell by 66 % in the post biodegradation sample labelled as PP and by 58 % in the post biodegradation sample labelled as PP+R.
Online since: October 2025
Authors: Nina Rashkevich, Stanislav Dushkin, David Kovtun
Successive filtration of water through H-cationisation and OH-anionisation can lead to complete desalination of water or, depending on the ionic composition, to a reduction in its salt content.
The following methods were used to achieve this goal: - experimental measurements - a series of experiments were conducted using modified ion exchangers to analyse their impact on diffusion processes in water supply systems; - analysis of the quality indicators of industrial water - a comprehensive analysis of the quality indicators of water that passed through modified ion exchangers was carried out to assess the effectiveness of their work; - determination of modification parameters - a study was conducted on the parameters of ion exchangers modification, such as chemical composition, surface structure and other characteristics that could affect their efficiency; - statistical analysis of the results - the data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis to determine statistically significant differences in the effect of modified ion exchangers on ion exchange processes.
It also depends on hydration of functional groups, their number, on the intensity of interaction of counterions with fixed groups and some other factors, which is confirmed by experimental data [25, 26].
The amount of sorbed hardness salts at reduction of acid excess, in case of magnetic modification of cationite, is practically the same as in case of optimal regeneration mode at equivalence of acid in relation to cationite loading 2.18.
AN-22 337 g-eq/m3 (ammonia excess 3.66), at magnetic modification it is equal to 361 g-eq/m3 (ammonia excess 3.12), i.e. there is a reduction of regeneration solution consumption.
The following methods were used to achieve this goal: - experimental measurements - a series of experiments were conducted using modified ion exchangers to analyse their impact on diffusion processes in water supply systems; - analysis of the quality indicators of industrial water - a comprehensive analysis of the quality indicators of water that passed through modified ion exchangers was carried out to assess the effectiveness of their work; - determination of modification parameters - a study was conducted on the parameters of ion exchangers modification, such as chemical composition, surface structure and other characteristics that could affect their efficiency; - statistical analysis of the results - the data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis to determine statistically significant differences in the effect of modified ion exchangers on ion exchange processes.
It also depends on hydration of functional groups, their number, on the intensity of interaction of counterions with fixed groups and some other factors, which is confirmed by experimental data [25, 26].
The amount of sorbed hardness salts at reduction of acid excess, in case of magnetic modification of cationite, is practically the same as in case of optimal regeneration mode at equivalence of acid in relation to cationite loading 2.18.
AN-22 337 g-eq/m3 (ammonia excess 3.66), at magnetic modification it is equal to 361 g-eq/m3 (ammonia excess 3.12), i.e. there is a reduction of regeneration solution consumption.
Online since: November 2025
Authors: Triwikantoro Triwikantoro, Nurul Taufiqu Rochman, Yoga Masdya, Mudzakkir Dioktyanto, Andyan Rafi Setopratama, Maharani Wahyuning Tyas
The reduction in particle size leads to an increased surface area, expanding the contact interface between zircon and the alkali agents.
This reduction in strain lowers the energy stored in the form of dislocations and defects.
The main reactions occurring between ZrSiO₄ and NaOH during the alkali fusion process are as follows: ZrSiO₄ + 2NaOH → Na₂ZrSiO₅ + H₂O (1) ZrSiO₄ + 4NaOH → Na₂ZrO₃ + Na₂SiO₃ + 2H₂O (2) ZrSiO₄ + 6NaOH → Na₂ZrO₃ + Na₄SiO₄ + 3H₂O (3) The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data was measured by Rigaku miniflex 600 with Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.540598 Å) and a range of 2θ from 5º to 100º.
In contrast, the alumina crucible retained its color and integrity, indicating minimal degradation, with a moderate sample reduction from 17.31 grams to 15.80 grams, making it a more stable and inert choice for alkali fusion.
The use of an alumina crucible, coupled with milling and leaching, appears to strike a balance between crystal growth and strain reduction, resulting in a product with controlled microstructural properties.
This reduction in strain lowers the energy stored in the form of dislocations and defects.
The main reactions occurring between ZrSiO₄ and NaOH during the alkali fusion process are as follows: ZrSiO₄ + 2NaOH → Na₂ZrSiO₅ + H₂O (1) ZrSiO₄ + 4NaOH → Na₂ZrO₃ + Na₂SiO₃ + 2H₂O (2) ZrSiO₄ + 6NaOH → Na₂ZrO₃ + Na₄SiO₄ + 3H₂O (3) The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data was measured by Rigaku miniflex 600 with Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.540598 Å) and a range of 2θ from 5º to 100º.
In contrast, the alumina crucible retained its color and integrity, indicating minimal degradation, with a moderate sample reduction from 17.31 grams to 15.80 grams, making it a more stable and inert choice for alkali fusion.
The use of an alumina crucible, coupled with milling and leaching, appears to strike a balance between crystal growth and strain reduction, resulting in a product with controlled microstructural properties.
Online since: December 2011
Authors: Feng Tong Zhao, Jia Han, Yun Dong Sha
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of measurement positions
Compressor
Transducer
System
Data Acquisition
System
Computer
Fig. 2 Block diagram of measurement system
In order to improve the measurement precision, the measurement system is calibrated before the experiment.
Data processing and Analysis Sound pressure data are measured in diverse pre-arranged structure adjustment and rotating speed through adjusting main performance parameters and deflecting angles of (IGV) and stator adjustable vanes.
Neise, Experimental Study of Tip Clearance Losses and Noise in Axial Turbomachines and Their Reduction, Journal of Turbomachinery. 1997, 119, pp. 460–471
Neise, Reduction of Tip Clearance Losses and Noise in Axial-Flow Machines, AGARD PEP 85th Meeting on Loss Mechanisms and Unsteady Flows in Turbomachines, 1995, pp. 8-12.
Data processing and Analysis Sound pressure data are measured in diverse pre-arranged structure adjustment and rotating speed through adjusting main performance parameters and deflecting angles of (IGV) and stator adjustable vanes.
Neise, Experimental Study of Tip Clearance Losses and Noise in Axial Turbomachines and Their Reduction, Journal of Turbomachinery. 1997, 119, pp. 460–471
Neise, Reduction of Tip Clearance Losses and Noise in Axial-Flow Machines, AGARD PEP 85th Meeting on Loss Mechanisms and Unsteady Flows in Turbomachines, 1995, pp. 8-12.
Online since: February 2011
Authors: Lin Liang Yin, Sheng Tao Zhang, Guang Hui Zhang, Xiao Li
The impedance data were analyzed and simulated with Zview software.
The weight loss data were gained from the average value of the three parallel samples in 3% HCl with sulfamethoxazole at different concentrations.
Particularly, the parallel cathodic polarization curves indicated that the hydrogen evolution was activation-controlled and the reduction mechanism was not affected by the addition of the inhibitor.
And the anodic curves of the electrode in solution with inhibitors shifted obviously to the direction of current reduction as the electrode potential was lower than -300mV, which implied that the inhibitor suppress the anodic reaction in this potential range.
According to the equivalent circuit, the fitted impedance data were listed in Tab.3.
The weight loss data were gained from the average value of the three parallel samples in 3% HCl with sulfamethoxazole at different concentrations.
Particularly, the parallel cathodic polarization curves indicated that the hydrogen evolution was activation-controlled and the reduction mechanism was not affected by the addition of the inhibitor.
And the anodic curves of the electrode in solution with inhibitors shifted obviously to the direction of current reduction as the electrode potential was lower than -300mV, which implied that the inhibitor suppress the anodic reaction in this potential range.
According to the equivalent circuit, the fitted impedance data were listed in Tab.3.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Wen Yi, Zi Xin Xie
The data are analyzed according to the test results.
Immersion Marshall test is a method based on the stability reduction of asphalt mixture under water damage to evaluate water stability.
Table 7 The results of residual Marshall stability tests Type of mixture Stability on 30min immersion(kN) Stability on 48h immersion(kN) stability reduction(%) AC-20 13.76 12.71 92.4 AC-20 mixed with 0.3% anti-rut agent 15.00 14.14 94.2 AC-20 mixed with 0.3% polyester fiber 15.44 14.32 92.7 technical requirements — — ≥85 Table 8 The results of freeze-thaw splitting strength tests Type of mixture Strength before Freeze-thaw(Mpa) Strength after Freeze-thaw(Mpa) ratio of splitting strength on freeze-thaw before and after(%) AC-20 0.86 0.77 89.5 AC-20 mixed with 0.3% anti-rut agent 0.94 0.85 90.4 AC-20 mixed with 0.3% polyester fiber 1.02 0.93 91.2 technical requirements — — ≥80 It can be seen from the table 7 and table 8, the indexes of residual stability and freeze-thaw splitting strength on AC-20 asphalt mixture mixed with anti-rutting agent and polyester fiber change little compared with general AC - 20 mixture.
However, by analyzing test data, it can be known that in the residual stability test, the stability of the asphalt mixture mixed with anti-rutting agent or polyester fiber under the immersion for 30 min and 48 h have a large growth, so is tensile strength of the freeze-thaw splitting test, and they can all meet the requirements.
(3) From test data, polyester fiber and anti-rutting agent of asphalt mixture’s effluences on the asphalt mixture are similar but different.
Immersion Marshall test is a method based on the stability reduction of asphalt mixture under water damage to evaluate water stability.
Table 7 The results of residual Marshall stability tests Type of mixture Stability on 30min immersion(kN) Stability on 48h immersion(kN) stability reduction(%) AC-20 13.76 12.71 92.4 AC-20 mixed with 0.3% anti-rut agent 15.00 14.14 94.2 AC-20 mixed with 0.3% polyester fiber 15.44 14.32 92.7 technical requirements — — ≥85 Table 8 The results of freeze-thaw splitting strength tests Type of mixture Strength before Freeze-thaw(Mpa) Strength after Freeze-thaw(Mpa) ratio of splitting strength on freeze-thaw before and after(%) AC-20 0.86 0.77 89.5 AC-20 mixed with 0.3% anti-rut agent 0.94 0.85 90.4 AC-20 mixed with 0.3% polyester fiber 1.02 0.93 91.2 technical requirements — — ≥80 It can be seen from the table 7 and table 8, the indexes of residual stability and freeze-thaw splitting strength on AC-20 asphalt mixture mixed with anti-rutting agent and polyester fiber change little compared with general AC - 20 mixture.
However, by analyzing test data, it can be known that in the residual stability test, the stability of the asphalt mixture mixed with anti-rutting agent or polyester fiber under the immersion for 30 min and 48 h have a large growth, so is tensile strength of the freeze-thaw splitting test, and they can all meet the requirements.
(3) From test data, polyester fiber and anti-rutting agent of asphalt mixture’s effluences on the asphalt mixture are similar but different.
Online since: January 2012
Authors: David K. Matlock, John G. Speer, D.J. Hamre
It should be noted that in commercial plate production, a roughing reduction would be applied after slab reheating to reduce slab thickness and refine the austenite grain structure [14].
Metallographic analysis on samples quenched from 1000 to 1100 oC showed that samples quenched to room temperature from 1000 oC after holding for 30 s exhibited a prior austentite grain size of 30 mm, a value that simulated the microstructural condition of austenite after a roughing reduction during commercial plate production [13,14].
Ferrite existed along and near prior austenite grain boundaries, and the presence of proeutectoid ferrite indicated that the sample was cooled below the Ar3 temperature, an observation consistent with the dilatometric data in Fig. 2.
Figure 2: Dilatometry data showing strain resulting from thermal processing where Points Q1 – Q6 correspond to quenched samples as indicated in Fig. 1.
The authors specifically acknowledge Roger Jaramillo and Wally Porter of the High Temperature Materials Laboratory at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for providing dilatometry data.
Metallographic analysis on samples quenched from 1000 to 1100 oC showed that samples quenched to room temperature from 1000 oC after holding for 30 s exhibited a prior austentite grain size of 30 mm, a value that simulated the microstructural condition of austenite after a roughing reduction during commercial plate production [13,14].
Ferrite existed along and near prior austenite grain boundaries, and the presence of proeutectoid ferrite indicated that the sample was cooled below the Ar3 temperature, an observation consistent with the dilatometric data in Fig. 2.
Figure 2: Dilatometry data showing strain resulting from thermal processing where Points Q1 – Q6 correspond to quenched samples as indicated in Fig. 1.
The authors specifically acknowledge Roger Jaramillo and Wally Porter of the High Temperature Materials Laboratory at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for providing dilatometry data.
Online since: June 2009
Authors: Tao Chen, Xiao Li Xu, Shao Hong Wang
Fault diagnosis technology plays an important role in ensuring safety of equipments,
reliability of tasks and reduction of life cycle costs of equipment.
Energy normalization method based on wavelet packet Features of wavelet packet analysis .Fault signal processing is to process the acquired data, to observe and analyze signal from different point of view, and to extract sensitive characteristic information that can effectively reflect equipments fault trend.
Each time the decomposition is performed, the data is reduced by half, and time frequency resolution is decreased by one time.
That is, energy data series are mapped into appropriate finite interval through proper transform.
Procedures of wavelet packet analysis.Characteristic parameter extraction procedures based on wavelet packet analysis are as follows: 1) Because the signals contain a great deal of non-stationary interference signal, eliminating noise process is performed firstly. 2) The signals after noise reduction are subject to wavelet packet decomposition. 3) Wavelet packet decomposition coefficient is reconstructed to increase time resolution of signals. 4) Calculate energy of frequency band signals. 5) Construct characteristic vector.
Energy normalization method based on wavelet packet Features of wavelet packet analysis .Fault signal processing is to process the acquired data, to observe and analyze signal from different point of view, and to extract sensitive characteristic information that can effectively reflect equipments fault trend.
Each time the decomposition is performed, the data is reduced by half, and time frequency resolution is decreased by one time.
That is, energy data series are mapped into appropriate finite interval through proper transform.
Procedures of wavelet packet analysis.Characteristic parameter extraction procedures based on wavelet packet analysis are as follows: 1) Because the signals contain a great deal of non-stationary interference signal, eliminating noise process is performed firstly. 2) The signals after noise reduction are subject to wavelet packet decomposition. 3) Wavelet packet decomposition coefficient is reconstructed to increase time resolution of signals. 4) Calculate energy of frequency band signals. 5) Construct characteristic vector.
Online since: March 2016
Authors: Oskar Hasdinor Hassan, Nunshaimah Salleh, M.Z.A. Yahya, N.A. Johari, F.W. Badrudin, N.H. Hussin, Mohamad Fariz Mohamad Taib
Therefore, validation of calculation is necessary by using a pure PZT that have available experimental data as references.
However, it can only be compared with the close related experiment data (tetragonal P4mm space group) by Noheda et al., 2000 [16].
The relative deviations are -1.17% for LDA-CAPZ, -2.15% for GGA-PBE, and -0.91% for GGA-PBEsol when compared to the experimental data of PZT (4.046 Å).
The results of the DOS (Fig. 4(b)) apparently shows the reduction of the p bonds between O 2p at VB and Ti 3d states at CB due to the existing of the Sn 5p at CB that is well-known located at lower energy compared to the Pb 6p.
However, this phenomenon still need further investigation and effort to confirm whether the reduction of the p bonds between Ti 3d and O 2p states is occurred or not.
However, it can only be compared with the close related experiment data (tetragonal P4mm space group) by Noheda et al., 2000 [16].
The relative deviations are -1.17% for LDA-CAPZ, -2.15% for GGA-PBE, and -0.91% for GGA-PBEsol when compared to the experimental data of PZT (4.046 Å).
The results of the DOS (Fig. 4(b)) apparently shows the reduction of the p bonds between O 2p at VB and Ti 3d states at CB due to the existing of the Sn 5p at CB that is well-known located at lower energy compared to the Pb 6p.
However, this phenomenon still need further investigation and effort to confirm whether the reduction of the p bonds between Ti 3d and O 2p states is occurred or not.
Online since: August 2015
Authors: Navaneeth Velluvakkandi, Brian Gabbitas, Stella Raynova
Recently, due to the “low cost titanium” product manufacturing initiative targeting a reduction in the cost of titanium components, the powder forging technique has gained interest [2-4].
Doraivelu et al. [13] proposed a yield function taking into account the hydrostatic stress and experimentally comparing simple compression tests data of sintered powder compacts.Their approach was similar to Kuhn and Downey by relating Poisson’s ratio and the relative density (ratio of actual density to theoretical density) evolution during compression tests.
Forging temperature Die temperature Holding time Initial relative density Percentage reduction HDH Ti powder compact CP1 1250 ̊C 100 ̊C 300 sec 0.75 50 % CP2 1100 ̊C 100 ̊C 305 sec 0.74 50 % CP3 1000 ̊C 100 ̊C 301 sec 0.75 52 % CP1 CP2 CP3 Fig. 4.
The flow stress data for titanium powder compact with 0.75 relative densitywas obtained by Gleeble thermo-mechanical testing.
For comparing the FEA results with the experimentally obtained data, radiological density analyses were performed using GAMMATEC densitometer.
Doraivelu et al. [13] proposed a yield function taking into account the hydrostatic stress and experimentally comparing simple compression tests data of sintered powder compacts.Their approach was similar to Kuhn and Downey by relating Poisson’s ratio and the relative density (ratio of actual density to theoretical density) evolution during compression tests.
Forging temperature Die temperature Holding time Initial relative density Percentage reduction HDH Ti powder compact CP1 1250 ̊C 100 ̊C 300 sec 0.75 50 % CP2 1100 ̊C 100 ̊C 305 sec 0.74 50 % CP3 1000 ̊C 100 ̊C 301 sec 0.75 52 % CP1 CP2 CP3 Fig. 4.
The flow stress data for titanium powder compact with 0.75 relative densitywas obtained by Gleeble thermo-mechanical testing.
For comparing the FEA results with the experimentally obtained data, radiological density analyses were performed using GAMMATEC densitometer.