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ECAE process is a novel technology which allows us to obtain materials of sub-micrometric and/or nanometric grain size as a result of accumulating very high levels of plastic deformation in the presence of high hydrostatic pressure.
The remaining dimensions from Table 1 are defined as a function of the teeth number, in this case 14, and the module values chosen: 1 and 1.5.
In this way, an initial meshing with elements Hex 8 was achieved, where the number of elements ranged from 12000 to 18000.
A coarsening factor of 1.5 was taken so as to reduce the number of elements towards the inner part of the solid.
After remeshing, the number of total elements in the simulation increases where the maximum value of these ranges between 60000 and 90000.

To obtain the Ca-TZP materials with excellent mechanical properties related to the transformation toughening mechanism, the extremely fine microstructure with tetragonal grains of ~0.1 μm in size is required.
Additionally, both the monoclinic phase content and number of the needle-shaped crystallites (Fig. 6) increased with the solution pH.
Number content of the needleshaped crystallites is also included.
This is consistent with the general knowledge on densification during compaction of the polymodal systems with controlled grain size distribution.
However, in this case it was connected with the increased number of the monoclinic needle-shaped crystallites and therefore increased monoclinic phase content in the calcia-zirconia nanopowder.

Main Contents of Grinding Process Simulation As a complex physical process, grinding process is subject to a number of input factors and produces a variety of physical and mechanical phenomena.
Suto and Sata [2, 3] by measuring the number of effective abrasive and wear area to get the grinding wheel topography.
Hegeman [6] found the shape of abrasive grains was more closely resemble the shape of ellipsoid rather than spherical by SEM photographs.
The results show that the algorithm using coupled FEM and SPH can simulate the deformation of any material cutting layer, while avoiding a large number of SPH particle calculation of time-consuming.
Klocke given a model for single grain scratching on 1st European Conference on grinding in 2003, shown as in Fig.8.Yu Siyuan, Lin Bin and Han Xuesong [23, 24] studied a single crystal silicon ultra-precision grinding of molecular dynamics computer simulation.

SPD processes use extensive hydrostatic pressure to impose very high strain on bulk solids, producing exceptional grain refinement without introducing any significant change in the overall dimensions of the sample [1].
In particular, biocompatible unalloyed titanium with improved mechanical properties can be used in a number of products instead of Ti-AI-V and Ti-Al alloys.
The number of TE passes can vary from 2 to 7 depending on the material, deformation conditions and requirements to the properties of the final product.
At the same time, with increasing the number of TE passes, the contribution of the mixing effect rises too.
Varyukhin, in: Ultrafine Grained Materials III; edited by Y.T.

., a reference which would make connotations with others specifications: the materials, grain, strength, structure, binder [10].
The reference could be 30A60N5V_XXXX, were 30A represents the abrasive material, 60 – grain (medium), N – strength (medium), 5 – structure (medium), V – binder (ceramic), XXXX – dimensions.
On one sheet is described the product by a reference (Product reference), the components number (no_block) and the actions number (no_dyn) associated with the product (Table 4).
For each entity they are introduced different atributes such as the block’s name (name), the path where the macro find the block (path), point of insertion (x,y,z), block angle (angle), the entity layer (layer), the start/end point for a line/polyline/rectangle (point), the coordinates for a piece from a block (ech_x,ech_y), or the color number from AutoCAD files as presented in Table 5.
There were taken into considerations two of the parameters: rotation (r#1) with the rotation point (pt_rotation) radius (radius_parameter), angle (angle_parameter), the action locations (label location) and linear (L) with the start/end point, label location, numbers of grips (grips) and the corresponding block (block_dyn) (Table 10).

As a result of constant development of catering industry in mainland China, a considerable number of restaurants, hotels and families directly discharge swill into the sewer or sell them to the unqualified or even illegal recycling workshop.
According to some statistical data, it is estimated that top 100 cities in China discharge roughly one million tons of swill every year and the annual discharge of the whole food industry in China is 20 million tons. [1] [2]Also many experts believe that the real number is far more than that.
Objective function:  (1) Constraints: (2)  (3) (4)  (5) Xis=0 or 1 i,j=1,…,k s=1,2…m   (6) Yis=0 or 1 i,j=1,…,k s=1,2…m (7) In the model above: the serial number of the recycling center is o, while the serial number of station is 1,2…k; the number of recycling station is i and j; s is the number of truck; gi is the weight of swill that need to be recycled; m is the total number of the trucks; q is the capacity of carriage of the trucks; Cij is the transportation cost from point i to point j.
Xijs is a control variable, which means whether truck(number s) would go from point i to point j, in that case, the value of Xijs is 1, conversely the value is 0.Yis is also a control variable, which means whether truck (number s) would collets the swill of point i, in that case, the value of Yis is 1, conversely the value is 0.
Table 4.1 The ordinates of the consumers and the average demands Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Horizontal ordinate x 136 371 705 633 151 392 587 183 601 721 876 Vertical ordinate y 154 75 66 189 304 296 339 393 461 536 509 Quantity demanded q（t） 4.5 2 1 3.5 2.5 1 3 3 3.5 4.5 4 Fig 4.2 The screen shot of the program Figure4.2 The sketch map of the consumer distribution and the final solution Table 4.4 The final arrangements The numbers of consumers Truck 1 5→6→7→11→10→9→8 Truck 2 4→3→2→1 Conclusions and Future Research In this paper, the framework of a multilevel network of swill recycling logistics has been outlined according to the limitation of city policies and consumers’ requirements.

Each conductor consisted of two grains.
The cluster size was defined by the number of atoms in it.
The change of the cluster number in the simulated system depending on time is shown in Fig. 1a.
The total number of formed clusters and number of bicomponent clusters depending on the distance between the wires after relaxation process are shown in Fig. 1b.
The number of clusters versus time for distance between the wires 80 lattice parameters (a).

RHA reshapes the grains of aluminium alloy, as previously indicated.
Grain size is inversely related to tensile strength, according to the Hall–Patch relationship.
As grain refines, it is discovered that the amount of space available to withstand external forces and boundaries expands.
Most of the particles were discovered within grain boundaries.
RHA particles created places where grains started to form, which made it possible to refine the grains in the aluminium matrix. 2.

Since the cooling velocity of gas atomization is fast, there's not enough time for the grain of fine particles to grow up and finally make dendritic particles, internal microstructures are the same as these in the surface (Fig. 5(c)).
Bluntness utilizes the ratio of surface curvature of every point of the contour and the maximum inscribed discs grain contour curvature to accurately compute the sphericity of particles.
The formula is as follows: (2) Where n is the number of agglomeration detected on the particle.
The correspondence of the Outg and the number of particle agglomeration are listed in Table 2.
Table 2 Correspondence of the Outg and the number of particle agglomeration.

Binding layers have three kinds of thickness: 0.25 mm, 0.37 mm and 0.45 mm, corresponding to the number of binding layers of 13, 11 and 10, respectively.
Working layers and binding layers were preformed by cold pressing, then assembled according to designed layer number and then hot pressed in vacuum.
The cutter samples were numbered S1, S2, …, S6 as in Table 1.
Table 1 Sample numbering Sample number S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Number of working layers 13 11 10 13 11 10 Number of binding layers 13 11 10 13 11 10 Binding layer formula 1# 1# 1# 2# 2# 2# The friction and wear properties of bit cutters were investigated using a pin-on-disc friction and wear tester (MG-2000A).
Discs were machined from blackmica contained medium-fine grained monzonitic granite as tribopair, whose compressive strength is 169.39 MPa.