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Hot forging process was able to recover the grain structure of material by controlling certain pressure and temperature.
A higher number of oxygen amount improves the quality of microstructure and material properties.
Three selected chips from the total number experiment are cleaned by ultrasonic bath using Acetone as chemicals to remove dirt from chip surfaces.
The orthogonal Array (OA) method is arranged the total number of experiments for hot forging process.
A hot forging machine had been used to complete run the total 9 number of experiment.

The plan allows studying the effect of each factor on the response variables, as well as the effect of interactions between factors on the response variable at the least number of experiment runs.
When a visible failure area was detected, the number of thermal cycle was recorded and defined as the number of cycle to failure.
Fig 5(b) shows the number of thermal cycle when peeling of the coating layer was observed.
With the increasing of thermal cycle, the number of spalled pieces increases.
This cracks spread to the center of the surface and take place round the grain of splat (shown in Fig. 7 ).

Samples varied either in the number of geogrid-reinforcement layers or in the relative compaction / in the content of crushed stone.
Some experimental studies [4, 5] indicate that mixing some coarse grains in loess and/or including geosynthetic-reinforcement may improve much the mechanical characteristics of the loess.
The reinforcement arrangements are shown in Figure 2, where n is the number of geogrid-reinforcement layers.

Some raw materials spheres were formulated, assigned numbers form 1-1 to 1-11(shown in Fig.1), for examining the effect of electroplating sludge content on the appearance quality of burnt ceramsite at high temperature.
The content of electroplating sludge was raised from 0% to 100% in the raw spheres with a serial numbers from 1-1 to 1-11.
It was displayed that ceramsite size was decreased with the increase of the content of the electroplating sludge in raw spheres, especially beginning from a serial number of 1-6 raw sphere.
A grain size and grade of the ceramsite production were unfavourable to control.
Summary The influence of the incorporation of the electroplating sludge on the looking quality and mouldability of making grain of the ceramsite calcined by the composite materials of electroplating sludge and seabeach sludge were investigated in the paper.

There are papers indicating that due to twins’ intersection process, associated with the Mode 2 of crystal deformation, many regions of high-angle boundaries may emerge leading to significant changes inside the grains of the polycrystalline materials [1-5].
The density of twin clusters was calculated by measuring the number of twin clusters of one family perpendicularly to their habitus plane on a distance of 100 μm.
Considering that at the distance of 100 μm a certain number of twin clusters exists in a material, and correspondingly the same number of separating matrix bands, so the average thickness of a twin cluster is 100 μm divided by twice the number of measured twin clusters.
Only then, the appearing structures lead to refinement of the original crystal, which may be understood in terms of a single grain decomposition, into smaller portions of separate orientations.

The structure, ionic composition and the number of active sites were key factors determining the properties of electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors [1, 3].
SEM images of C-Ni, Fe2O3-Ni, and Fe2O3-C-Ni reveal the morphology evolution of nanospheres and nanowires into composite surface layer with numerous small grain protrusion (Fig. 1).
It can be seen that a large number of carbon particles grow on nickel foam in C-Ni (Fig. 1a).
Figure 1 SEM images of (a) C-Ni, (b) Fe2O3-Ni, (C) Fe2O3-C-Ni, and (d) foam Ni a d c b Compared with Fe2O3-Ni and C-Ni, surface layer of Fe2O3-C-Ni product by two precursor mainly present a dense film with numerous edge serrated steps and small grain protrusion (Fig. 1c).
In EDS mapping result (Fig. 3c), in addition to a large number of highly dispersed amorphous particles, a small number of near-spherical granular particles with diameters of 80-100 nm can be obviously observed.

This function is generally determined by measuring a powder sample of a crystal grain (diameter ~10–20 µm).
The X-ray entering the SSD generate an electron and a positive-hole pair proportional to the incoming energy, and is changed into an electronic pulse with amplitude proportional to the number of electron/hole pairs.
This number statistically fluctuates as a characteristic of the SSD.
And this study was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 21560074 and 24560083.
Weertman, Dislocations, grain size and planar faults in nanostructured copper determined by high resolution X-ray diffraction and a new procedure of peak profile analysis, Acta.

Environmental geological conditions Zhengzhou one section(stake number SH201+000 ~SH210+773), which is located in the transition zone that is between down lands and hills.
The distribution of skate number is from SH210+100 to SH210+773.
Fig.1 The silicate rock of the cementation Fig.2 The glutenite of the calcium cementation, calcium-mud cementation Calcium-mud sand stone, mud-calcium sand stone, which is made from calcium and mud cementation, it is light brown-orange with fine grained texture.
Calcium, calcium-silicate sand stone，which is steel-gray grayish with the middle fine-grained texture.
The distribution of stake number is from SH210+630 to SH210+730.

To study the microstructure, grain size, and inclusions of the material, the specimens were mechanically prepared and investigated by optical microscopy analysis.
A characteristic value of tensile or compressive strength, fk, is then estimated following EN 1990 [22]: fk = exp(mln f – kn sln f) ≈ exp(mln f – kn Vf), (1) where mln f = ∑i ln(fi) / n (for i = 1..n and number of tests n) and standard deviation slnf corresponds approximately to the coefficient of variation Vf.
The coefficient kn is accounting for probability associated with an estimated fractile (5 % for the characteristic value of a material property) and statistical uncertainty due to a limited number of tests, n.
- When the reliability assessment of a historic metal structure relies on a very low number of destructive tests, it is imperative to: o Verify the homogeneity of the material and make sure that local non-homogeneities and damages (such as geometrical imperfections, caverns, cracks or corrosion effects) do not jeopardise reliability of the structure.
Methods for estimating the average grain size of steel and non-ferrous metals, 1983

The separation zone in a multilayer coating also influences the size of the grain, limiting it to the thickness of a single layer [5].
The introduction of the separation zone to a multilayer coating and the reduction of the grain size are the factors that cause disintegration of the structure and have a significant influence on the increase in the dispersion of propagations of microcracks.
This stems from the possibility to control the properties of the entire multilayer coating (through the number, thickness, and the order in which the layers are deposited).
The adhesion test confirmed that, together with the increasing number of layers in the PVD coating, the fracture toughness resistance significantly improves.
At the case of the AlCrTiNmultinano5 coating, characterized by the largest number of layers, the parameter determining the resistance to fracture toughness of the coating was the highest.