Search results

At high temperatures (1000°C-1300°C) niobium in solid solution retards austenite recrystallisation and grain growth.
The final effect is to increase the density of ferrite nucleation sites and thus reduce the final ferrite grain size.
Output of these models are usually: the particle size distribution, their number and volume fraction.
Moreover, it is well established that nitride can tolerate a large number of vacancies to satisfy surface or volume constrains imposed by the ferrite matrix.
, (3) a where is the number of nucleation sites ( and a is the ferrite lattice parameter), 0N 3 0 1/N?

After the electron and γ-ray radiation of Titanium oxide films prepared by DC reactive sputtering method, the number of Ti4+ ions decrease in the transition layer, Ti4+ turns to Ti3+ according the reaction 2TiO2 → Ti2O3+O [5].
Finally, the oxidation state of the metal in oxides can vary from very low to very high formal oxidation numbers.
It has been reported that In2O3 thin films, prepared by electron beam evaporation, consist of mostly polycrystalline grains of about 0.1-1µm in size with a cubic lattice constant about 10.10 Å [12].
Indium oxides films are polycrystalline with grain sizes varying from 100 to 1000 Å depending on the method of preparation and the subsequent engineering processes [12].
Other operation parameters applied were a pinhole of 400 µm, a slit opening of 200 µm, an accumulation time of 120 seconds and an accumulation number of 10.

The grain size in the white layer is shown to be in the submicrometer range with values ranging between 30 and 500 nm.
Based on a consideration of strain, stress, and temperature states associated with the formation of white layers in machining, the deformation of materials to very large strains may be the principal factor contributing to the formation of the white layer with ultrafine grained or nanocrystalline structures.
Cylindrical grinding has many parameters such as depth of cut, feed speed, number of passes, and cutting speed that can be varied.
There are only three parameters (depth of cut, feed speed and number of passes) are important to the surface hardness by grinding [6].
Increasing the number of passes increases the hardness at the surface only to a certain number of passes, after that, it decreases.

The rock was grinded into the grains of mean diameters size from 10 to 50 microns and warm up till 800°C due to remove the water from the particles of stone.
The basic stereological parameters like: volume fraction (Vv), number of particles per volume unit, mean particle volume, particle volume dispersion, shape factor were indicated [9].
If we compare the results of number of particles per volume unit to different fraction of Tuf it can be observed that for higher fraction of filler there is lower number of particles (Fig. 7).
Number of particles per volume unite for different fraction of Tuf.
The morphological investigations shown that particles of Tuf coagulates – increasing addition of Tuf caused increasing mean volume of the particle and lower number of particles per volume unit.

Table 1 New line of 18-node system New line 1-11 4-7 4-16 5-11 5-12 6-14 7-8 7-13 7-15 Line number 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 New line 9-10 9-16 10-18 11-12 12-13 14-15 16-17 17-18 Line number 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 Table 2 New line of 26-node system New line 1-2 3-9 3-10 4-17 6-16 6-17 7-13 7-15 8-9 Line number 1 3 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 New line 8-18 8-22 10-12 11-12 11-19 12-15 13-14 15-16 15-17 Line number 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 New line 16-17 18-22 18-26 19-20 19-21 21-23 22-23 24-26 25-26 Line number 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 Fig. 4 18-node system solution space convergence Fig. 5 26-node system solution space convergence From the solution space convergence conditions can see that, with the increase of the line construction cost, congestion cost is smaller, this show, new lines to eliminate obstruction obviously, and are planning to get a good convergence boundary.
Application of Scatter Grain Cross in Multi-phase Transmission Planning.

Micro erosion is found on the surface of turbine components where fine particles with grains size less than 60 μm are moving at very high velocity.
The governing equations are described below[9] Continuity equation of liquid： (1) Momentum equations of liquid (2) where represents the Coriolis force.is total pressure, is static pressure, is the volume density of the particle phase, is the number of particles per unit volume, is the particle mass, is the drag coefficient of unsteady flow.
The element number of runner domain is 3,300,000.
Fig. 1 Francis turbine runner Table 1 Parameter of Francis turbine Diameter of runner(cm) 100 Number of runner blade 13 Number of stay vane 12 Number of guide vane 16 Rated head (m) 30.5 Rated power (kw) 1000 Rotational speed (rpm) 375 Rated flow rate (m3/s) 4.2 Analysis of numerical calculation results The sand erosion rate density and the volume fractions of sand are the important feature for erosive wear in hydraulic turbine.

The effect parameters like filament radius (r), filament number (N), filament-substrate separate (H), and the distance between the filaments (D) have a profound effect on substrate temperature, which influence both the growth rate and the quality of the films [2].The effect of these parameters are optimized separately by varying one of the four variables while holding others as constant so as to improve substrate temperature uniformity.
Finally, the number of filaments is examined (Fig. 2(d)).
The temperature profiles for 2 and 7 filaments indicates that the temperature uniformity is significantly improved when the filament number, N, is increased.
Thus a better way to enlarge the growth areas of the diamond films is to increase the number of filaments.
Apparently, the thin film is fine and close in texture, and the diamond crystals are well-faceted with grain size of 2-5μm at position 1 or 2.

Introduction Cr12 die steels are the main materials for cold work dies in the word and a large number of researches have carried out in decades [1-3].
In addition, investigators [8] have suggested that reducing the total number of carbides larger than the critical size, and homogeneously distribution were useful ways to improve fracture toughness.
It is clear that there is large number of fine carbides precipitated in the matrix and distributed uniformly in new steel comparing with Cr12MoV steel.
There is large number of cleavage planes in impact fracture morphology of Cr12MoVsteel, while a large number of dimples in morphology of new steel.
The large size of carbide particles in materials decrease the fracture toughness in the same condition of grain size and yield stress.

Table 5: Parameters of Bi2Te3 in MEM procedure Parameter Value Number of cycles 2180 Prior density, ح (ri) (e/Å3) 1.8916 Lagrange parameter (λ) 0.06358 RMEM (%) 0.05009 wRMEM (%) 0.05070 Resolution (Å/pixel) 1835008 ( 64 × 64 × 448) After completing Rietveld [9] procedure, the resulting parameters are fed into visualization software VESTA [13].
Fig. 11: One-dimensional MEM high electron density distribution along [011], [111] and [100] directions Particle Size The particle size of the samples was evaluated using GRAIN [14] software written by Dr.R.
Grain size determination for Bi2Te3 The sizes of the sample are analyzed before annealing and after annealing.
The sizes of the samples have been evaluated by means of software called GRAIN [14] as discussed earlier.
[6] F.A.A.Amin, A.S.S.Al-Ghaffari, M.A.A.Issa, A.M.Hassib: Thermoelectric properties of fine grained (75% Sb2Te3-25% Bi2Te3) p-type and (90% Bi2Te3- 5% Sb2Te3-5%Sb2Se3) n-type alloys, Journal of Material science, 27, (1992) 1250-1254

Such a drop in Cwr, sus, HRC is associated with an increase in the brittleness of the alloy as a result of forming a large number of borides and carboborides of complex composition.
However, if one compares the sizes of dendritic eutectic grains (the light component in Fig. 4), the difference can be noticed at once.
No carbides were found in eutectic cementite; they are found only in austenitic dendrites or dendritic eutectic grains (ledeburite).
Spectra for cementite of large (11.4% Mn) – (a) and small (19.3% Mn) – (b) areas At a high cooling rate of 15.2°C/sec, a big number of large cementite fields are formed, so most of the manganese is concentrated there.
In cementite areas, different concentrations of manganese are also observed, but this is due to the size of the cementite grain, which depends, respectively, on the cooling rate.