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To calibrate the raw SCM data to concentration, the buffer layer and the epitaxy were used as reference concentration levels.
Fig. 1(c) shows a strong reduction of the roughness and a suppression of step bunching when using the capping layer (RMS=0.33 and 0.38 nm for the lower and higher fluence, respectively).
On the contrary, capped samples show a more preserved and flat surface, and the suppression of step bunching can be explained in terms of a reduction of atom diffusivity on the surface and of Si evaporation during annealing.

Reductions of development cycle and testing cost using advanced simulation optimization software are essential for the development of electric buses.
Substitute the data to (1), obtain:
Other key parameters are as follows: total length / total width / total height: 9345*2425*3150 mm; frontal area 6.8m², curb weight 14000kg, wheelbase 4800mm, tire rolling radius 391mm, motor rated torque 240Nm, motor rated power 90kW, primary reduction ratio 6.167, gearbox ratio [1.4 6]. 6 Drive cycle and Analysis of simulation results Choose the representative U.S. cities dynamic drive cycle UDDS as the simulation conditions.

The roll surface temperature was assumed to be equal to 60°C based on thermovision measurements in industrial conditions and based on the data provided in reference [5].
In roll pass no. 3, the strain effective value in the vertex area is 0.8 due to the shaping of the ploughshare tip and reduction of the thickness.
In roll passes nos. 4 and 5, demand for the energy and force parameters is lower due to the fact that it is in these passes that the final shape is imparted to the ploughshare, and the preset rolling reduction are smaller.

At last, through the module reduction matrix Q, the finial result is got.
Then the result passes the module of reduction matrix Q, the final result of 128-bit multiplication is received.
Chen, Error-Control Coding for Data Networks.

Introduction Co thin films and Co containing multilayers exhibit various magnetic features interesting for applications in sensors, data storage and other fields of magnetoelectronics.
The reduction of defects in the film during the annealing is likely to favor the formation of densepacked planes parallel to the surface, thus bringing about the observed texture sharpening. 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 Co Co Cu Cu a) Co2/Cu4 Co4/Cu2 Co8/Cu8 Co40/Cu40 Co/Cu as-deposited Cofcc Cohcp Cu intensity [arb. units] 2� [deg] Fig. 4: �-2�-scans of Co/Cu multilayer stacks for different thicknesses of the individual layers (from bottom to top: [Co2 nm/Cu4 nm]*20; [Co4 nm/Cu2 nm]*20; [Co8 nm/Cu8 nm]*15; [Co40 nm/Cu40 nm]*3), for the as-deposited state (a), and after a 1h anneal at 450°C (b). 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 10 -1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 b) Co2/Cu4 Co4/Cu2 Co8/Cu8 Co40/Cu40 Co/Cu 450°C/1h Cofcc Cohcp Cu intensity [arb. units] 2� [deg] For decreasing thickness of the individual layers and increasing number of layers in Co/Cu multilayer stacks, however
These different transitions can be related to the competition between defect annihilation (yielding an improvement of the f.c.c. <111> texture) and elastic energy reduction (favoring the f.c.c

It was possibly because microorganisms other than the hydrogen-producing bacteria lacked the tolerant capacity of load impact and their activity declined, which caused a reduction in carbon dioxide and other gases.
Fig.1 Changes of biogas and hydrogen gas in operation process of the reactor Fig.2 Changes of pH in operation process of the reactor The oxidation-reduction potential (ORP).
From the above data, we came to the conclusion: although the conditions such as water pH, organic load, ORP and so on changed in various degrees, the system remained ethanol-type fermentation all the time.

From the experimental observations, the noise impact on the sampling vector S can increase with the reduction of distance between the acoustic source and the perpendicular bisectors of the segment connecting two nodes.
As shown in Fig. 2, the misestimating of the source sub-region increase with the reduction of distance between source and the perpendicular bisector.
Algorithms for position and data recovery in wireless sensor networks, Berkeley: University of California, (2000)

Ohno also reported that the work softening started at a 50% reduction in the an A-2.0%Fe alloy without silicon, but this softening was reduced in this alloy with more than 0.2%Si [1].
Yamamoto reported that the work softening occurred at a 40% reduction of cold rolling (CR) in an Al-1.7%Fe alloy using a high purity base metal, which was homogenized at 400ºC for 24 hours, and then CR followed by annealing at 400ºC [2].
(19) Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 show the superposition of Yamamoto’s equation (Eq. 18), , and , on the normalized change of VH (Experimental Data), respectively, for the no soaking and 600ºC/8hWQ.

In these heat treated alloys, hardness and tensile strength undergo significant reductions at temperature equal to or higher than 200 °C; as a result, their application fields are strongly limited, especially in the case of automotive and motorbike engine components.
Room temperature tensile properties are the most sensitive to SDAS reduction: in particular, UTS increases by 18% with finer SDAS, passing from 294 MPa (C-class) to 346 (F-class), while at high temperature the increase is limited to 12,5%.
Fracture surfaces present some differences between fine and coarse samples: at low magnification the fracture path of C-class samples (Fig. 3-b) seems to be more brittle than that of the F-class specimens (Fig. 3-a), in accord with the tensile ductility data.

In other words, a reduction in machining time.
In addition, the resultant reduction of cutting forces and vibrations enables an increase in the depth of cut or the length of the cutting tool, which is particularly advantageous in certain circumstances.
From the experiments carried out and from the data provided by tool manufacturers, it can be concluded that these cutting strategies are more suitable for harder workpiece materials.