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(1) The minimum wall thickness According to the stress calculation standard[4] of thermal power plant's pipeline, When the external diameter has been determined, the minimum wall thickness show in Eq.1 (1) Where is design pressure, regard it as MPa; is the external diameter, mm; is the allowable stress, MPa; is the correct factor affected by temperature, under 480°C, ; is allowable stress's correct factor, Seamless steel pipe's is 1.0; is Additional thickness affected by corrosion, attrition and mechanical strength, where
The heat dissipating capacity and the oil temperature distribution are affected by many factors, such as quantity of steam, boiler's outlet parameters, environment condition and pipeline's condition.
Strictly, all these factors are changed with the time, the pipeline are in unstable state of thermodynamics. we calculate the temperature distribution in stable state of thermodynamics and hydraulics for convenience.
(4) Where is two-phase’s true density, kg/m3; is two-phase flow’s fictional factor, is two-phase flow’s mass flow-rate, kg/s;is inner diameter, m; is mixed flow velocity, , m/s; & is gas and liquid’s apparent velocity; is included angle in pipe and horizontal,°.
Calculation of Fluid Thermophysical Property.

At present, the research of PPS filter media mainly concentrated in failure reason analysis of filter media in use and the influence of flue gas compositions on the performance of filter media, and the high-temperature performance of PPS filter media was studied mostly by changes of mechanical performance under high temperature[3-5].
Table 1 Performance factor of filter media Samples Fiber Mass Area Ratio (g∕m2) Thickness (mm) Air Permeability (m3∕(m2·min)) Postprocessing B1 PPS2 611 1.86 6.80 heat setting N3 PPS3 619 2.02 6.78 heat setting PPS2 and PPS3 are different fibers from different manufacturer.
According to the TG and DTG curves of PPS filter media, heating rate affects the thermal weight loss significantly.
Research on Mechanical Properties of Filter Media under High Temperature[A].Northeastern University.
Mechanical degradation of filter polymer materials: Polyphenylene sulfide.

Under medium impact wear condition, the material has obvious advantages, and the mechanical properties are also good[3].
According to some scholars[4-5], the internal factors of causing steel warpage are phase transition, yield stress and thermal conductivity.
The thermal properties change with temperature.
So the relationship of thermal properties and temperature must be considered.
(In Chinese) [7] Z.TAN and G.W.GUO: Engineering Alloy Thermal Properties(Metallurgical Industry Press, China 1994).

The temperature field distribution directly impact the microstructure and mechanical properties of weld joint, and at the same time, the analysis of the temperature field is also a theoretical basis to study FSW welding mechanism and welding parameter optimization.
It also has important practical value to determine welding parameter, to optimize the welding process, to control the welding joint’s microstructure and mechanical properties, and to improve welding quality [5, 6].
Fig. 2 Temperature variation in the penetration period Stir tool Design The design of the stir tool is a critical factor as a good tool can improve both the quality of the weld joint and the maximum possible welding speed.
The plunge depth will directly affect the overlap of the weld joint, so it is important to choose appropriate parameters.
In FSW process, the plunge depth will directly affect the performance of the weld joint, and process parameters can be easily obtained for thin wall FSW using this platform.

Numerical and experimental study of the effect pressure path in tube hydroforming process Majid Elyasi1,a, Hassan Khanlari2,b and Mohammad Bakhshi-Jooybari3,c 1Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran 3Metal Forming Research Group, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Mazandaran, Iran avdaeezadeh@yahoo.com, belyasima@yahoo.com, cbakhshim@yahoo.com Keywords: Bulge hydroforming, Pressure path, Finite element simulation.
The thickness distribution and geometry are the key factors that affect the performance of hydroformed parts.
Tube tension tests were performed for determination of mechanical properties of SS316L tube.
The mechanical properties and dimensions of the initial tubes which were used in experiments are given in Table 1.
Table 1 The material properties of the SS316L tube Density (kg/m3) 8000 Initial length of tube (mm) 250 Poisson's ratio, v 0.3 Initial outer diameter (mm) 26 Yield stress, σy(MPa) 260 Initial wall thickness (mm) 0.5 Finite element simulation The finite element software, ABAQUS/EXPLICIT 6.7, was used for simulation.

The characteristics can decided it can be used in complicated shapes of parts manufacturing which are difficult to achieve by traditional mechanical machining, or high cost, etc.
Electroforming is a simple process and is advantageous for micro machining because the workpiece material is accreted at atomic size and there are no heat affected zones, cutting force and tool wear.
Electroforming products mainly emphasize the functional properties (high hardness, great tensile strength and other mechanical properties).
Micro mechanical manufacturing LIGA technology was first developed by Ehrfeld W et al in 1986.
(1) Low electrodeposition rate In the process of electroforming, due to concentration polarization, low cathode working current density and many other factors, the electrodeposition rate is still lower than other processing methods

Introduction Magnesium alloys containing both neodymium and yttrium are interesting as light structural materials with high strength properties at near room and elevated temperatures.
It has been reported that WE54 (Mg-Y-Nd-Zr) alloy exhibit isotropic behaviour, while other Mg-based alloys such as AZ31 exhibit an asymmetry of tensile and compressive properties.
Hence the deformation and recrystallisation mechanisms may be considered as key factors in an attempted explanation of the texture-randomizing of RE elements.
The precipitation developed during the thermo-mechanical processing similarly to that already observed in Mg-Gd-Zn-Zr alloy [10].
Upon subsequent recrystallisation at 450°C, the texture is much weaker, but not randomized, and grain size was not significantly affected.

Chen et al.[8] analyze the factors that affect the stability and bearing capacity of scaffold based on the mechanical characteristics analysis.
The two door-type frame structures are analyzed using the elastic FE model of ANSYS software with strength and stiffness properties.
Through the elastic FE models of two structures are founded and the strength and stiffness properties are analyzed using ANSYS software.
[8] Yongrui Chen, Laijun Liu, Yongcan Duan, Study on the mechanical characteristic and safety measures of bowl-scaffold, J. 13th COTA International Conference of Transportation Professionals (CICTP 2013)

Among these stages, cooling stage is very important one because it mainly affects the productivity and molding quality.
Design of Experiment In this study the objective is to investigate how much lower heat conduction of plastic mold can affect the quality of wax pattern.
The heat transfer through a single wall is dependent on three factors; the overall heat transfer coefficient, the heat transferring area, and the temperature difference between the heat emitting and the heat absorbing medium.
The seven mold cavity dimensions under monitoring process Std Run Factor1 Temp[°C] Factor 2 Time [min] L =63 L1=24 L2=13.20 D1=Ø8 D2=Ø16 D3=Ø13 G1=3 7 1 29 5 63.11 24.07 13.29 7.98 16.04 13.01 3.02 5 2 8 10 63.06 24.02 13.19 7.94 16.02 13.00 3.03 1 3 14.15 6.46 63.09 24.09 13.21 7.96 16.03 12.99 3.04 4 4 43.85 13.54 63.20 24.21 13.31 8.00 16.07 13.06 3.11 10 5 29 10 63.13 24.11 13.28 7.98 16.04 13.02 3.07 13 6 29 10 63.10 24.10 13.28 7.99 16.02 13.04 3.05 8 7 29 15 63.12 24.19 13.31 7.97 16.03 13.01 3.08 9 8 29 10 63.09 24.13 13.29 7.99 16.04 13.03 3.09 12 9 29 10 63.11 24.09 13.30 7.97 16.03 13.01 3.06 6 10 50 10 63.25 24.31 13.26 8.02 16.09 13.06 3.10 11 11 29 10 63.11 24.16 13.28 8.02 16.01 13.02 3.08 3 12 14.15 13.54 63.07 24.06 13.20 7.99 16.00 13.00 3.01 2 13 43.85 6.46 63.19 24.22 13.30 8.02 16.05 13.05 3.09 Table 2.
The transfer of heat is a key process that affects the evolution of the mechanical properties in the wax pattern and it is essential that the thermal contact conditions between the blank and tool are properly described in the forming simulations.

This research is potentially significant for dish Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) in general and other emerging CSP systems that require high concentration factors. 1.
When combined with other error factors due to design, construction and tracking of the dish and accuracy of mirror surface, the resulting composite divergence angle can become significant.
The benefit becomes more variable as the rim angle decreases, showing unusual reversals in trend in the 800 rim angle case.Right on 700 however, and specifically at an inner radius of 1m, there is a jump in concentration factor because the intersection shape was a very pure ellipse and geometric factors bring the elliptic focal plane intercepts of the two rim extremities closer to horizontal in orientation and aligns them to completely overlap, and thereby increase concentration factor.
Geometric factors which then narrow these ellipses towards a circular shape further enhance concentration.
[28]Pissasale, A.J. and Ahmed, N.A., ‘Development of a funct rel between port pressures and flow properties for the calibration and appl of multi-hole probes to highly 3D flows’, Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 36, No. 3, 2004, pp. 422-436