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With 75 percent of fuel consumption relating directly to vehicle weight, the automotive industry can expect an impressive 6 to 8 percent improvement in fuel usage with mere 10 percent reduction in vehicle weight.
This translates into reduction of around 20 kilogram of carbon dioxide per kilogram of weight reduction over vehicle’s lifetime [2].
An axial quasi static test is applied on a circular cross section of steel tube wrapped by glass fiber reinforced polyester (GFRP) by using three types of fiber orientations (±45°, ±75º and 90°) and by using different number of layers (4, 6, and 8 layers), in order to obtain optimum design data for the vehicle structural parts that has the most efficient energy absorption performance.

By means of this approach it is possible to enhance the structural behavior by combining different materials in specific directions (for weight reduction) and provide functional anisotropic (often orthotropic) mechanical properties.
The length of the aligned structures is dependent on the amount of particles and on the MF strength (data not shown for brevity).
A reduction of the stiffness was measured in oriented samples, while randomly filled samples did not show reactions [26].
The stiffness reduction was in inverse proportion with the applied strain.

Karnik and Mendel defined the type reduction required for finding a crisp value, which was described in the book [4].
Consequently to calculate the output of the type-2 fuzzy system only a simple type-reduction operation is needed (Fig. 2).
Results In order to provide the data for the rule base of the fuzzy control system the static characteristics of the actuator were created.
Sibielak: Mathematical Model of a Shape Memory Alloy Spring Intended for Vibration Reduction Systems.

Failures unable to detect are necking in HX220BD one with 28.6% reduction of the 0.7mm sheet thickness, and the other with 36.4% of the 1.1mm.
In aluminium alloy EN AW 5128 the necking has a 41.2% thickness reduction of 1.7mm sheet.
As the sheet thickness increases, the non-detectable reduction of sheet thickness also increases.
Maldague in: Infrared image processing and data analysis, volume 46 of Infrared Physics&Technology, ELSEVIER (2004)

Level Land Installation Transportation Tax reduction Raw material Manpower Technology Climate Water supply Close to market New markets Waste water Waste marble Visual pollution Local regulations A-Eskisehir B-Bozuyuk C-Afyon D-Denizli Criteria 2.
Land Installation Transportation Tax W λmax CR Land 1 2 1/5 1/3 0.112 4.097 0.036 Installation 1/2 1 1/9 1/2 0.075 4.190 0.070 Transportation 5 9 1 2 0.569 4.028 0.011 Tax reduction 3 2 1/2 1 0.243 4.168 0.062 Mean 4.121 0.045 Table 5.
Alternatives Sub-criteria of economic main criterion Main Criterion Priorities Total Priorities Land Installation Transportation Tax reduction A-Eskisehir 0.079 0.184 0.088 0.070 0.112 0.090 B-Bozuyuk 0.515 0.450 0.157 0.519 0.075 0.307 C-Afyon 0.188 0.313 0.272 0.323 0.569 0.278 D-Denizli 0.217 0.053 0.483 0.088 0.243 0.325 The overall rating for each alternative is calculated by summing the product of the relative priority of each criterion and the alternatives considering the corresponding main criteria.
For selection of plant location, the proposed AHP model is unique in its identification of multiple attributes, minimal data requirement and minimal time consumption.

Based on DTA measurement in glass transition range Tg and Tg', the beginning and ending temperatures of glass transition, the viscosity can be simulated from DTA data from C.
With increasing alkali, the decrease of intensities of peaks A, B and C is a direct indication of an overall reduction in the number of corner-shared structural units: TBP-TP-TBP, polyhedtaTBP-TP and their combinations.
The observed frequency shift to higher energy with a corresponding reduction in the number of density of vibrational states under peak A is a direct measure of the reduction in the overall connectivity of structural units, which further supports the evidence for the preponderance of TeO3+δ and TeO3 structures with the increasing concentrations of alkali ions.

However, jet impact angle does not significantly affect the smooth depth of cut, but results in a marked improvement (up to 50% reduction) in the surface roughness when it is increased from 50° to 70°.
Analyzing the experimental data has revealed that nozzle oscillation could in fact increase or decrease the cutting performance such as total depth and smooth depth of cut.
In the worst cases, improper use of nozzle oscillation has resulted in about 37% reduction in the smooth depth of cut.
This adverse effect was also noticed on the total depth of cut, up to 7% reduction for the small number of cases that the experiment could produce for comparison.

Tempering induces the precipitation of carbides from the supersaturated solid solutions (transition and/or stable carbides), and reduction of micro-stresses in the martensite matrix and thereby prevent cracking.
It may also cause factory shutdowns, as a result damage of products, reduction in effciency, additional maintenance which exposes the industrial to additional costs.
Based on the G 102-89(2015)e1 standard and by using the output data from the abovementioned measurements the corrosion rate was calculated.
This situation may would suggest that improved corrosion resistance of SZT steel compared to CHT one appears counterintuitive with regard to reduction of retained austenite.

Introduction Material consumption reduction of building structures is an important step towards a real saving material and energy resources, environmental pressure reduction associated with their direct production, as well as obtaining binders used for them.
Common to both approaches to material consumption reduction is the need to increase the material strength used for compensation of the decreasing effective cross section of the structures.
The pozzolanic activity value of mineral additives Additive type Absorption activity, Ca(OH)2 [mg/g] Flask* 108.1 Tripoli* 66.2 Quartzitic sandstone crushing waste (QSCW) 29 Concrete crushing waste (CCW) 80.6 Crushed ceramic brick (CCB) 102.3 Ground sand (GS) 22.3 * data are given for comparison Discussion As a working hypothesis, the thesis was adopted, according to which the structure, density and strength of the gas concrete produced, apart from standard prescription-technological factors, are greatly influenced by the interaction in the system: mineral additive — byproducts of the gassing reaction — gypsum.

The data are shown in Figure 3 where the carriers concentration and types are depicted with the PEDOT:PSS/isopropanol volume ratios.
The results are tentatively ascribed to a significant reduction of PSS content and thus reduction of the hopping distance between PEDOT chains as converted from benzoid to quinoid where quinoid structure makes the movement of charge carries much easier cross the remaining PSS into PEDOT [14].
We ascribe such remarkable improvement of the film surface roughness to be due to the significant reduction of the non-conductive PSS in the structure.