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Membrane separations as alternative technologies have received significant attention because of their potential for carbon and energy reduction.
Selective species MOF Selectivity Isosteric heat Qst/kJmol-1 Breakthrough experiment data Ethylene/Ethane uptake capacity Ethylene-selective [CuI@UiO-66-(COOH)2][4] 80.8 48.5 for ethylene Ethylene uptake 1.92 molkg-1 Ethylene: 2.14 mmolg-1 at 1 bar Ni-gallate[5] - 32 for ethylene Complete separation - Mg-gallate[5] - 39 for ethylene - Co-gallate[5] 52 44 for ethylene Ethylene: 3.37 mmolg-1 at 298 K, 1 bar [Ca(C4O4)(H2O)] (UTSA-280) [6] Exceeding 10000 20.5 to 35.0 for ethylene Ethylene productivity 1.86 molkg-1 Ethylene: 2.5 mmolg-1 at 298 K, 1 bar; Ethane: 0.098 mmolg-1 Ethane-selective [Cr-BTC(O2)] [7] Over 3 at low pressure 37.2 and 23.5 for ethane and ethylene respectively no noticeable loss of C2H4/C2H6 separation capacity Ethylene: 2.89 mmolg-1 at 298 K, 1 bar; Ethane: 3.30 mmolg-1 [Fe2(O2)(dobdc)] [8] Higher than top-performing MOFs 66.8 for ethane Complete separation Ethane: 74.3 cm3g-1 [Ca(H2tcpb)] [9] 2.0 35.1 and 26.8 for ethane and ethylene respectively - - [Cu(ina)2] [10] 1.3
If these MOFs are applied to an industrial scale, there will be a significant reduction in energy and emissions associated with ethylene/ethane separation.
The reduction of carbon dioxide emission would help to relieve the greenhouse effect and meet the emission target set by the Kyoto Protocol.

This FE model has further been used to investigate the process boundaries of a typical roll bonding pass in terms of achievable height reductions.
The height reduction is 0.3% according to [7].
Its left neighbor tends to elongate in rolling direction because of the height reduction.
A temperature dependent bond strength model will be developed based on experimental data and implemented into the presented framework in the future to come another step closer to a fully coupled multi-pass roll bonding model.

However, the fatigue life of the material could not be improved by the HIP treatment and the effect was only seen as a reduction in cycle-to-failure spread.
On AM parts, these include surface roughness reduction and added compressive stresses on the surface [11].
Grain size reduction post-SSP treatment is also visually discernible, with an observable increase in the number of grain boundaries closer to the surface.
The obtained stress-strain curves from the tensile tests are collected in Fig. 5 and the numerical data for the mechanical properties are collected in Table 2.

For chromia-forming alloys, favourable effects appear, enhancing the alloy lifetime : (i) decrease of the Cr content required to develop a continuous Cr2O3 protective layer, (ii) reduction of the oxidation rate, (iii) increase of oxide scale adherence and spallation resistance.
Reduction of dissolved oxygen and water leads to a local rise in pH at the surface of the cathode.
The deposited compound is not Y(OH)3, as one could expect, but an yttrium hydroxynitrate hydrate (Y2(OH)6-x(NO3)x.H2O, JCPDS data file 32-1435).
Moreover, SEM observations have demonstrated the effect of yttrium oxide coating on the reduction of the oxide grain size.

It direct weaken the euphotic depth of ocean water column which reduction marine primary productivity lead to phytoplankton biomass decrease (see table 2).
So, Phytoplankton biomass reduction will make zooplkton biomass decrease in unit ocean water which make phytoplankton for bait.
That using these zooplankton as food of fishery due to baits smallness lead to fishery resources reduction.
According to experimental data, when suspended matters content up to 80 000mg/L, the fish at best survive one day, when content up to 6000mg/L, the fish at best survive one week. 2.3 Filling cofferdam area effect to marine ecological environment (1) Direct effect.

Introduction Light weight magnesium alloys are preferred in automobile and aircraft industries where reduction in weight is a major concern.
Followed by a reduction in the rate of increase in voltage, and further as the treatment continued, the rate of change in the voltage was reduced drastically.
Therefore, samples with porous and rougher surface morphology exhibited a reduction in corrosion resistance.
Electrochemical data of base alloy, R1, R2, R3 and R4 samples obtained by potentiodynamic polarization in 0.1M NaCl solution Sample code Ecorr (mV) Icorr(mA/cm2) βa(mV) βc(mV) Rp (Ω.cm-2) Base alloy -1503.482 0.0172 54.678 101.512 897.12 R1 -273.175 2.85×10-4 167.866 140.884 1.16×105 R2 -309.666 4.5×10-4 156.579 108.790 6.19×104 R3 -120.73 3.23×10-6 179.308 129.743 1.01×107 R4 -165.76 6.80×10-5 90.745 92.607 2.92×105 Fig 4.

Load, strain, deflection, et al. were recorded by data acquisition system IMP and stored by computer.
It may be caused by installation and loading errors so that in the process of loading, out-of-plane deformation might cause a reduction in the in-plane bending stiffness and an increase in the actual deflections.
The influence of mechanical properties on the calculated results The process of welding may cause a reduction in stiffness of the stainless steel member.
This may be caused by the fact that there are no lateral bracings for specimens BD-2~BD-4, the lateral deformation may result in a reduction in the stiffness of the beam in the experiment, and therefore, the experimental deflections are greater than the calculated results.

The processes of heating and melting of the edges of bonded sheets as well as the step of solidification occurring after completion of the welding causes mechanical deterioration of the mechanical properties of the weld such as reduction in tensile strength, fatigue strength and ductility.
Measurement set-up: a, b) MTS with the measurement system – electrochemical cell (corrosive solution and reference electrode Ag/AgCl placed on a sample) with Data Logger for electrochemical potential measurement, c) macrostructures of TIG and FSW welded joints (particular areas of the joint specified) before the static tensile test In this way the level of tensile stress that initiates corrosion processes on TIG and FSW joints of 7xxx series alloys (Al-Zn-Mg) were determined.
Measurement of hardness of the friction stir welded joints showed typical course for 7xxx alloys – an increase in hardness in the central regions of the weld (the nucleus) and a reduction in hardness in the HAZ.
Cracking of the protective oxide layer depends on the tensile stress level as well as on the joint area and is closely linked to radical reduction of electrochemical potential. 3.

Figure 1: P-I diagrams for the panel obtained from the SDOF model, plastic beam approach, and FE analysis for two different damage levels Data points obtained from the different approaches show that the SDOF model often produced conservative P-I points, especially in the dynamic regime of response.
The value of peak pressure acting at the end of a panel was obtained by applying a reduction factor (η) to the maximum peak pressure value of the mid-span.
The reduction factor can be obtained depending on the maximum incident angle and the incident pressure value at the end of the panel.
To demonstrate the effect of non-uniform pressure distribution on the P-I diagram as shown in Fig. 3, a reduction factor of 0.75 was applied to the mid-span peak pressure to obtain the peak pressure at the end of the panel.

H is gotten through the net radiation from a single energy balance approach [7], as: (2) Where Bn is Bowen ratio given as 0.2 for tropical region [14], and Q* is the net radiation obtained from: (3) where K* is net short wave radiation, L+ and L- comprises the incoming and outgoing long wave radiation, The net short wave radiation was deduced from: ) (4) is the incoming solar radiation with clear skies, a1 and a2 are 990 W/m2 and -30W/m2 respectively, is the reduction factor that gives the interception of solar radiation by clouds, b1 and b2 are 0.75 and 3.4 respectively, while (1-r) is the reduction factor caused due to the reflection of incoming solar radiation by the surface, r is the reflection factor of albedo (r is 0.23 vegetated surface) [1].
However, after 16.00h solar radiant intensity dropped, which led to reduction in MH.
P., A Simple Scheme for Daytime Estimate of the Surface Fluxes from Routine Weather Data, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology 22(4), 1983, 517 – 529