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Compared to the conventional sin2ψ method [6], it advances substantial reduction of measurement time and portability of the equipment.
The saturation point of the irradiation time for the cosα method is shorter than that of the sin2ψ method (about 80% reduction).
Oda, On the Accuracy and the Method of Data Treatment for X-Ray Stress Measurement of 18Cr-8Ni Austenitic Stainless Steel, Society of Materials Science, Japan, Vol. 29, No. 320 (1980) 428–433.

Particularly reduction of alkalis is evident in use of heat exchanger with attached by-pass system, where the particles of dust are created.
However, the presence of free-lime (CaO), the high alkali content and high fineness of CKD makes them an excellent activator for pozzolanic materials such as blast furnace slag and fly ash.4,5 Combination of chemical and physical characteristics of CKD is critical in the control of activation mechanisms of aluminosilicate materials, the character of hydration products and the rate of strength development and shrikage reduction.
X-ray powder diffraction data were obtained using a PANanalytical Empyrean diffractometer with CuKα radiation equipped with a 3D detection system PIXcel3D.

This approach is based an explicit reduction from the problem to the satisfiability problem.
To create a training set, we consider an explicit reduction from the problem to the satisfiability problem [9] and use different satisfiability algorithms.
Based on this idea, we have analyzed real world data from EMBL - EBI database [19] and created a test set.

AM employs additive processes (may be combined with subtractive machining in future) to deliver finished goods from digital data; thereby eliminating all tooling requirement [2].
AM enables a creative design process with the advantage of faster product development time and consequential reduction in tooling cost.
AM offers increasing benefits in production schedules and flexibility for manufacturing operations due to reduction in tooling costs and design requirement [3].

Introduction Aluminium weight reduction potential when used as transportation material will surely meet the stringent environment regulations and improves fuel economy.
By minimizing the usage of steel and replacing with light weight material like aluminium can lead to an overall reduction in the weight of the car.
Conclusions · This paper has described the use of Design of Experiments (DOE) for conducting FSSW experiments with the 99% confidence level and empirical relationships developed from the experimental data can be employed to study the relationship between tool rotating speed, plunge depth and dwell time of friction stir spot welded Aluminium –interstitial free steel using response surface methodology

The load and holding times were 10g and 15s, respectively.Each data was an average of more than 5 points.
The repetitive impact of balls could cause the loosely attached particles to be detached resulting in reduction in size of clusters to 35-40μm after 6 hours of milling (Fig. 2).
Further milling resulted in severe plastic deformation of clusters and further reduction in particle size with continued milling.

The main reactions were organics oxidation, ammonia oxidation and nitrate reduction.
Kinetic and stoichiometric parameters provide degrees of freedom for matching ASM model predictions with experimentally collected data.
Davis, Modeling of fouling reduction by secondary membranes, J.

Most of the available machinability data on Inconel 718 were based on turning, cutting and milling [4-6].
These results demonstrated that the ultrasonic vibration amplitude can greatly contribute to the reduction of grinding forces, implying that the ultrasonic vibration can significantly benefit the grinding efficiency in the grinding process of Inconel 718.
The improvement of surface quality in UAG can be considered to be the contribution of the grinding forces reduction [11]. 　　

In Fig. 1, processed region 1, where the traverse speed of the tool is in the steady state, is defined as PR-1, and processed region 2, which is the finish point of FSP with the reduction of the traverse speed of the tool, is defined as PR-2.
To relate the difference in hardness of each material as a function of the volume fraction of the crystalline phase, the hardness data of each BMG was normalized to the hardness of the crystalline phase-free glassy matrix alloy by glassnorm HHH . . νν ν = (1) Where Hv is the hardness of BMG with the crystalline phase in each volume fraction and Hv.glass is the hardness of the glassy matrix alloy.
On the other hand, the microstructure of PR-2, which is the finish point of FSP with the reduction of the traverse speed of tool, exhibits a large number of nanocrystalline particles in the size of less than 20nm and amorphous phase.

The situation becomes more critical under the environment of automated machine loading and unloading actions and in-process on-line inspection or data acquisition of the machining parameters of the workpiece.
The chip-breaking force, the cutting forces, the radius of curvature of chip, the natural contact length of the chip, the chip reduction coefficient and the stress distribution at the chip-tool interface were determined from the analysis.
A continuous long ribbon chip belongs to D type in this study may have a great chance to be produced when the level of feed rate is set as smaller, which will be tangled around the tool, workpiece and some components nearby the tool holder resulting in reduction of tool life, increase of chip disposal procedure and hence raise of production cost.