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Abrasive grain shape is difficult to define.
Obtained an irregular geometry of abrasive grains.
The next step was to designate the top of abrasive grain, and then the actual interpolation curves radially from the top of the grain using the user-selected number of lines (Fig. 3).
In addition, one can observe that the most cutting surface has a grain ZA, and the smallest grain ZE.
Steel Research International Special Edition, Volume 81, Number 9, Publishing Company Verlag Stahleisen GmbH ISBN 978 – 3 –514 – 00774 –1, 2010, pp. 1482 –1485.

Forgings made from copper base alloys offer a number of advantages over products made by other processes.
Forgings made from copper base alloys offer a number of advantages over products made by other processes.
In die castings, shrinkage was found at the top of castings and numbers of gas holes were also found.
However, the grains in the area B had facets, but the grains in the area A hadn't.
Compared with the grains in same position of conventional forgings, the grains in semi solid forgings have different shape.

Multi-fractal theory is used to detect fractal behaviors embedded in grain size distribution ofsinter with low SiO2.
Finally, we sieve the powders, and measure the grain size distribution,as shown in table 1.
Table 1 Effects of SiO2, carbon, basicity, and MgO on grain size distribution Multi-fractal analysis.
Let us consider a large amount of grains with different diameters.
One can filter out the grains whose sizes are less than ε, and record the number of left ones, denoted with N(ε).

However, temperatures exceeding 1600 ℃ led to excessive grain growth and a subsequent decline in strength, indicative of grain coarsening and potential localized bonding.
The grains of sintered tungsten exhibited growth, and grain size was determined by analyzing the areas of the spherical grains.
In Fig. 3(d), it can be seen that although grains have grown, the boundaries between grains are clear, and the bond between the grown grains is weak.
With increasing holding time, it becomes evident that sintered tungsten undergoes neck bonding between grains rather than localized grain bonding, resulting in the formation of interconnected grains.
Acknowledgements This work was supported by JST SPRING, Grant Number JPMJSP2132.

Grain orientation maps of slices determined by nf-HEDM at 25 mm intervals are presented and analyzed in terms of grain boundary misorientation angle.
Due to the limited number of grains observed, the automatic smoothing kernel estimation feature of MTEX was employed to reduce uncertainties in parameter selection [22].
Figure 1d shows the distribution of pores (number of pores) as a function of the pore volume.
Clearly, the largest number of pores is below the resolution of the current technique.
Most of the imaged grains are in the range of 5 mm to 20 mm, but some large grains, up to 100 mm are evident.

Fine uniform equiaxed grains are acquired in the whole ingot from the PMF treatment, in contrast with the coarse columnar grains observed in conventional casting, and the average grain size is refined to 260 mm with a 5Hz PMF treatment.
The constitution of the morphology is equiaxed grains in the centre and thin columnar grains at the edge.
With the 5Hz PMF treatment, totally refined equiaxed grains are achieved and the average grain size is refined to 260mm as shown in Fig. 2(c).
The mould size also affects the grain refinement.
The direction of stress is approximately vertical to the growth of the primary dendrites and secondary dendrites during solidification, which contributes to the fracture of the dendrites and increases the number of nuclei.

Many studies have being developed concerning grain size optimization.
It is interesting to obtain the largest number of grains with the direction [100], and a smaller number of those with the direction [111] parallel to the plate surface due to the characteristics of the crystal magnetic anisotropy of Fe-Si [1,2].
Park and Szpunar [5] studied the development of texture during the grain growth in non-oriented-grain electrical steels with 1 and 2% Si.
Fig. 3a was split in figures 3b grains with substructure and 3c grains free of substructure.
Deformed grains present a component and recrystallized grains show texture concentrated in (111) fiber with components 111[011], 111[110] and111[132].

The presence of certain elements namely, Cr, Zr, Li and high levels of Si in an aluminium alloy results in much coarser grains compared to grain size obtained in their absence on the addition of grain refiner.
Grain Refinement Studies: For grain refinement studies, Al-7Si alloy was prepared using commercial purity Al and Al-20%Si master alloy.
Eidhed, Fading mechanism of grain refinement of aluminium-silicon alloy with Al-Ti-B grain refiners, Mater.
Gruzleski, Mechanism of grain refinement in aluminium, Acta.
John, An analysis of relationship between grain size, solute content and the potency and number density of nucleant particles, Metall.

Braginsky et al.[3] extended this model to simulate sintering in a complex powder compact consisting of a large number of particles of arbitrary shape.
Sintering temperature is an important parameter affecting grain growth of ceramic tool material, the mean grain size L can be given by the following equation [4]: (1) where γ is grain boundary energy, A the accommodation probability, Z the average number of atoms per unit area at the grain boundary, Vm the volume of specific mol, Na Avogadro’s number, h Planck’s constant, R the gas constant, Ts absolute sintering temperature, ΔSa the activation entropy, Qa the activation energy, t the real grain growth time, L0 the initial grain size at t = 0.
Lattice sites having the identical Q number are considered as a grain, and a grain boundary segment is defined to lie between sites of different Q number.
Grain growth can be viewed as transition of atoms owning energy, higher temperature means higher energy and faster rate of grain growth.
It can be found that the mean grain size of matrix phase and the number of nano-particles entrapped into the matrix grains all increase with an increment in sintering temperature in the same simulation time, indicating that higher sintering temperature is beneficial to grain growth and the formation of intragranular-type microstructure.

Powder Tape Casting Sintering Poling Heating above Tc Random Grain Texture Grain Texture Grain & Domain Texture Grain Texture Random - Random Domain Texture Random Fig. 1.
Both texture components contribute to the absolute number of spontaneous polarization vectors and ferroelastic distortions aligned in any given sample direction.
In other words, only a small absolute number of polarization vectors can be aligned in a specimen direction where the grain texture component does not provide directions of possible structural distortion; such considerations exist regardless of the domain switching fraction.
Likewise, even in a textured ceramic with nearly perfect orientation, the absolute number of polarization directions parallel to the electric field can be restricted by the domain switching fraction.
Grain Texture The tape casting process induces a grain texture with a 001 fiber symmetry axis.