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V and V’ are the trigonal field parameters. κ is the core polarization constant. ζ and ζ’ are the spin-orbit coupling coefficients, k and k’ are the orbital reduction factors, and P and P' are the dipolar hyperfine structure parameters for the 3d7 ion in crystals.
Table 1 The zero-field splitting D (in cm-1), g factors and the hyperfine structure constants (in 10-4 cm-1) for the trigonal Co2+ center in ZnO D g// g^ A// A^ Cal. a -3.08 2.2863 2.2610 -6.3 -6.5 Cal. b 2.55 2.2312 2.2579 -18.2 -7.1 Cal. c 2.74 2.2502 2.2784 -14.4 -2.6 Expt.d [10,11] 2.7 2.2500 2.2768 -14.3 -2.6 a Calculations based on the host structural data (i.e., DR = 0 ) of Zn2+ site and inclusion of the ligand orbital and spin-orbit coupling contributions.
From the observed EPR data for Co2+ in some tetrahedral environments [23] and the present calculations, both signs are negative.
It can be found that the theoretical results show poor agreement with the experimental data, especially the signs of the zero-field splitting D and the anisotropy Dg are opposite to the experimental values.
Based on the present cluster approach calculations, the relative difference (k’/k) - 1 is about 22% for the orbital reduction factors.

This reduction in grain size leads both to a very high strength at ambient temperatures and to a potential for achieving a superplastic forming capability at elevated temperatures.
All of the plots confirm again an excellent agreement between the data recorded at the upper and lower positions.
The equivalent strains were then calculated separately for the upper and lower positions using the Hv values shown in Figs 2 and 3, and these data were replotted as the Vickers microhardness against the equivalent strain for all values of N as shown in Fig. 4 for (a) the upper and (b) the lower positions: again, the initial annealed position is indicated on the vertical axis [8].
The occurrence of saturation at an equivalent strain of ~10 is also demonstrated in other published hardness data for high-purity aluminum processed by HPT [11,21-23].
This reduction in hardness is due to a loss of precipitates due to the high pressure imposed in HPT, thereby leading to a decrease in hardness followed by an ultimate saturation as shown in Fig. 5(c).

The structural and mechanical properties of this system have been relatively well studied but only a few reports on the magnetic properties [14] exist and no data are presently available on the magneto-transport properties.
This is true only when HA >> H (the measuring field) so that even a slight reduction in HA helps H to increase the component of magnetization along its own direction.
However, in the other extreme case of HA << H, H is unable to take the advantage of a sudden reduction in HA and σ drops to a lower value at TAe because reduced HA aids the thermal excitation of spin waves and/or spin fluctuations.
One possible explanation for this could be that the first measured data point in magnetoresistance (MR) isotherms was measured at the highest field of 80 kOe to obtain single variant martenstic phase and then subsequent data points were measured with decreasing field.

The testing setup and data reduction techniques of various methods are discussed.
A reduction in modulus or density will result in a lower pulse velocity and lower amplitude.
A receiving probe is placed in the tube at the top, and signals are recorded on a data acquisition unit.
The recorded data is then plotted out with each measurement, providing a vertical profile of the transit time of the stress wave from the point of impact to each position.

The required reduction in cost per peak power output to reach grid parity requires substantial further reductions in thickness.
The fracture data for four-point bending can be analysed in terms of Weibull statistics.
The increase in mean fracture stress from the data presented in Figure 1 is consistent with the argument that critical surface flaws are sites for fracture initiation.
The larger scatter in the data is thought to be due to the additional edge flaws that are introduced during the polishing process (the edges were left as-diced).

Tar reduction by using a hot gas cleaning catalyst has been considered as a potential method to chemically convert tar into light gases below 900oC which operates at lower temperatures than thermal cracking since the activation energy can be reduced for decomposing tar compounds and no wastewater would be produced.
In the development of this technology, the utilization of catalyst is crucial because it not only affects tar reduction, but also affects the overall economic feasibility of the technology [1-3].
This analysis data does not well proved the relationship between the catalysts activities and their pore volume.
The blank experiment without catalyst was also carried out and the data is compared with the data of catalytic tar reforming in Fig. 3.

Therefore, a small grain size is necessary for a reduction of surface roughness and allows a reduction of the scattering [4].
This software communicates through the data acquisition board.
The measurement is automated with data processing by a computer, such as integration along the lateral direction, log calculation and minimum squared error fitting [11].
The measurement of propagation losses of ZnS waveguides at the wavelengths beyond visible region (wavelengths of 986, 1305 and 1540 nm) were actually published for the first time since no such data were available.

Since the 1992 finite element input data were no longer available, due to a limited archive life, the finite element models had to be largely recreated.
Much of the required geometric and materials data were sourced during Stages One and Two.
The linear elastic fracture mechanics analyses were carried out using a commercial data acquisition and processing package.
Any structural areas where the rating is in this area or above are candidates for implementing risk reduction measures.
Risk rating reduction below this level is not considered necessary or realistic.

The film structure was examined using an XRD, PANalytical X-Pert Powder machine and the data was collected from 20o- 80o of 2θ degree angle.
The data collected from AFM was then interpreted by XEI software.
Likewise, this result also exhibits reduction in surface roughness from 5.21 nm to 3.21 nm for 12.0 cm to 13.5 cm distance, respectively.
Fig. 4(b) represents the bandgap, Eg at various distance target to the substrate which are determined from the transmittance data and calculated using Tauc’s equation [24,25].
The surface roughness indicates reduction while the grain size of the films decreases with the increase of distance from target and substrate.

Methodology According [3] to data lightweight concretes are construction materials of new type, they are characterized by low weight as well high thermo-insulated, antiseismic and other features.
By the existing data of the mechanism of hydration and the hardening of various mineral bindings it is possible to theoretically give reasons for the effect of this or that additional materials on the mechanism on this process and to prove it experimentally.
Lithoid pumice working model derivatogram of Jraber-Lusavan area Lithoid pumice radiogram is characterized by little quantity of diffraction maximums of not large size that prove the data of the petrography about little quantity of crystal additions don’t outnumber 2…3% (Fig. 2).
The system is inclined to the reduction of its free energy; it easily creates chemical links through the processes of adsorption and wetting.
The system aims to the reduction of its free energy; it easily makes chemical links through the processes of adsorption and wetting.