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After aluminizing, the surface of the palladium modified aluminide coating formed in a low activity pack exhibits a rough and convoluted morphology of large grains with markedly wide grain boundaries (Fig.1c), which appears to have no relationship with the surface morphology resulted from diffusion annealing.
The numbers in the first column of Table 2 correspond to the oxidation conditions(temperature and time).

Acknowledgment This work was supported by a grant from Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (Grant number:20102153).
[5] Geng Senlin,Shang Zhiyuan: Research progress and prospects of stored grain insect sound detection technology [J].
Jamieson: On the Scalability of 2-D Wavelet Transform Algorithms on Fine-grained Parallel Machines [C]. in 1996 International Conference on Parallel Processing, Ⅱ24-Ⅱ28

It is also pointed out that the effect of grain size is more sensitive in the near infrared region [12].
It can be seen that, with the increasing of RbI, the grain number increases significantly which can increase the volume fraction of crystallization phase.

The basic material properties of wood, where ft is 114.4Mpa; fu is 35.6 Mp; R is 69.0 Mpa; ω is 15%. where ft denotes the tensile strength parallel to the grain of wood, fu said that the compressive strength parallel to the grain of wood, R represents wood bending strength, ω represents moisture.
Table 2 Specimen number and main parameters No.

Coarse aggregate: pebble stone, size 5~20mm, meet with Grain composition criterion of the aggregate ( GB/T 14685-2001 of China).
Fine aggregate: grain composition are in the zone II of sand (GB/T 14685-2001 of China); and Mx=2.3.
And the number of control sets was equivalent to that vibrated on the vibrating table.

Although epitaxial growth of AlN is achievable on carbon-face SiC substrates, the crystals might contain sub-grains slightly misoriented with respect to each other.
Symmetric 0002 reflection rocking curves provide the tilt angles of sub-grains with respect to surface normal, in addition to crystallinity.
However, for the sample-II and III, this peak shifts toward a higher wave number of 655 cm-1, indicating the reduction of misfit stress.

Number of studies conducted on commercial aluminum-based composite systems revealed a decrease in ductility with an increase in crack initiation (stress accumulation) sites such as the amount of reinforcement particulates [20,21].
It is possible to induce such fine grains due to an intensive plastic flow and recrystallization around the ceramics particles or rapid solidification of the molten aluminium cooled from ceramics particulate[22].
%TiB2/SiCp composite showing small equiaxed grains of Al that formed on the ceramic particle surface.

Results of Work Quantitative assessment of a contribution to the general deformation of ready details [6] shows that on 30% stages of the mechanical and strengthening processing bring in it and ~ 40% are connected with an initial condition of metal (chemical structure, a hardenability, the grain size, etc.) and semi-finished product manufacturing techniques (stamping, heat treatment, cleaning, etc.).
Features of metallurgy – the content of the basic chemical elements, constant and other impurity, the grain size, a structural state, impurity degree etc. participate in an indicator of a hardenability of steel.
The problem can be solved due to application of the endothermic atmosphere with the content of hydrogen ~ 40% instead of 20% or by ammonia additive in number of 0.5 – 0.6% to the endogas which is in the furnace.

In ceramics, pores form when the grain boundary diffusion during sintering process is insufficient. [18] To estimate their influence on the transparency, we assume that the pores are spheres with different sizes.
Np is the number of pores per volume, which can be obtained through SEM (scanning electron microscope) observation.
Wang, Sintering dense nanocrystalline ceramics without final-stage grain growth, Nature 404 (2000) 168-71

Polycrystalline or amorphous inorganic films deposited at a lower substrate temperature contain a large number of nonradiative recombination centers, so that these films can’t use as emitting layer in LEDs.
The grain size of ZnO crystals deposited at 125, 150, 175 and 200 °C are estimated to be 5.8, 6.7, 10.1 and 15.2 nm from the full-width at half maximum of ZnO (110) diffraction peaks, using Scherrer’s equation.
The grain size of ZnO crystals increases with a substrate temperature.