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First, that the sample had shot peening will create more grain boundaries and dislocations that provide a shortcut for nitrogen atoms to diffuse more rapidly to the surface of the material [12-14].
As already known, the density of defects or dislocations and grain size are two important factors that enhance the diffusion process of nitrogen [11, 15, 16].
It showed at SPN samples have only small number of intermetallic particles without soldering phenomenon.
[14] D Manova, D Mandl, H Neumann, and B Rauschenbach, “Influence of Grain Size on Nitrogen Diffusivity in Austenitic Stainless Steel,” Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 201, 2007, pp. 6686-6689

The microstructure of the alpha phase (α) was a globular shape and the beta phase (β) had a shape of cross-links formed Al2Cu phase, which was inserted between the grain boundaries.
At 800X magnification, it showed the distribution of Al2Cu phase from cross-link structure, which was inserted at the grain boundary of the globular structure.
Also, the experiment of the above variables showed that the low number of voids, which supports good mechanical properties [10].
However, the BM region received very little heat resulting in the atoms not moving between grains; therefore, the structure was not changed much which would not be able to change the hardness.

The benefaction of Mn substitution on the hydrogen absorption capacity and kinetics of the alloy are attributed to the increased cell volume and the refined grain caused by Mn substitution.
Upon refining the microstructure, a lot of new crystallites and grain boundaries evolve, which may act as fast diffusion paths for hydrogen absorption.
It was clarified that the high surface to volume ratios, i.e. high specific surface area, and the presence of large number of grain boundaries in nanocrystalline alloys enhance the kinetics of hydrogen absorption/desorption [10].

However, only a limited number of studies have been carried out on SSM cast aluminium alloys.
The FSW process almost transforms the equiaxed grains in the base metal to fine grains in the stir zone.
The grains of the TMAZ are distorted due to plastic deformation.

It was found out that the increase in MoS2 content in the deposit diminished W content in the coating and increased the average grain size.
As the MoS2 content in the deposit increases, the W content in the coating decreases while the average grain size rises.
One can observe that with the increase in the temperature of deposition, the surface development of the coatings becomes smaller probably due to decreasing number of the embedded MoS2 grains what is seen in Figs. 1a and b.

Matrix Grain boundary Element Wt% At% Wt% At% Fe 74.54 73.64 70.66 67.68 Cr 18.90 20.06 21.46 22.08 Mn 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.35 Mo 5.70 3.28 5.47 3.05 O 0.72 2.47 2.05 6.85 N 0.14 0.56 0.00 0.00 Table 1.
EDX analysis in the matrix and at the grain boundary of Fe74Cr24Mo2N sample The results of EDX analysis of the Fe74Cr24Mo2N alloy shown in Table 1 confirms that the material's matrix there has a composition 74% Fe, 20% Cr and 3% Mo.
At the grain boundaries a small content of manganese and a increase in the oxygen content to 7% at can be observed.
There was a large difference in number of cells in the studied samples.

The y{hkl} angle depends on hkl reflection (2q{hkl} angle) and on a constant incidence angle a (Fig. 1): (1) Consequently, possible values of y{hkl} angles are limited to the number of hkl reflections used in the experiment.
In this work the Williamson-Hall method [8] was applied to determine the root mean square value of the third order strain characterizing the distortion of the lattice within grains.
The root mean square values of the third order strain characterizing the distortion of the lattice within the grains, calculated using the Williamson-Hall method [8], are shown in Table 4.
Additionally, the root mean square values of the third order lattice strain within diffracting grains were determined.

The evaluation of a number of problems affecting dikes, for example large settlements, often require consideration of the dynamic behavior of granular soils, ie seismic excitation [1, 2].
In the absence of water, rearrangement of the granular skeleton stems only from interactions between the grains (drained conditions) [5-7].
In the presence of water, if the rearrangement rate of the skeleton is slow enough, water can flow between the grains at a very slow pace, thus, the interstitial pressure can be considered as not evolving throughout the entire duration of loading [8].
However, areas C and D presented their part a narrow dispersion; it can be explained by the fact that the central area under the dike (area C and D) is the most loaded in terms of dead load resulting in an rearrangement of the grains in the soil mass.

At the moment the most significant trends in construction development area include the use of light prefabricated structures; development of 3D printing technologies [1–5]; the consumption growth of energy-saving structures that contributes to increase the number of productions of highly efficient thermal insulating materials [6–9 and others]; increased percentage of materials produced using production wastes and secondary raw materials [10–12]; the development of highly efficient materials with desired properties for operation in extreme conditions [13–15], as well as the production of certain types of materials, such as various fiber types reinforced concrete - fiber-reinforced concrete [16–25].
Durachenko, Fine-grained fiber reinforced with polypropylene fiber, Bulletin of BSTU named after V.G.
Balykov, Experimental-statistical models of properties of modified fiber-reinforced fine-grained concretes, Magazine of Civil Engineering. 2 (2016) 13–25
Durachenko, Fine-grained fiber reinforced with polypropylene fiber, Bulletin of BSTU named after V.G.

By a direct combination of casting and forging processes (casting and forging from the same heat) the number of process steps and energy consumption can be reduced.
The light gray particles (a) on the right side of fig. 7 are the silicon surplus on the grain boundaries.
Fig. 12: Microstructure of AlSi1MgCu0,5 in coupled casting-forging process: as-cast state (left) and after 65 % deformation (right), magnification x 200 The amount of dark particles of Mg2Si located on the grain boundaries in the cast state (Fig. 13 left) is increased with higher silicon content, which has a direct effect on the mechanical properties of the cast material.
In addition to coarse grained microstructure, this is one the reasons for the higher brittleness alloys in as-cast state.