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Cutting heat and temperature which is caused by cutting heat is one of the important physical factors which affect metal cutting.
Shapes and influencing factors of the cuttings: Generally speaking, in metal processing,scraps can be in the shape of ribbon cuttings, collapse, C shape, tight rolls and spiral ones etc.
When the concentration of chemical elements of tool and work-piece material has large difference, they will spread to each other in solid, which makes the chemical reaction of the tool, decreases the material properties, causes the tool wear and abrasion, which is called diffusion wear[2].
In other factors, such as the ap = 0.15 mm, f = 0.1 mm/r and so on remain unchanged, the deformation of the chip have a main connection with temperature.
(Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, China 1991)

At the same time other properties like toughness and weldability must be kept or even be improved.
Metallurgical mechanisms which permit the achievement of the demanded mechanical and technological properties must be activated by alloying and at the different plate making stages.
Tools and mechanisms to effect properties are shown in schematic and exemplary form in Fig. 2.
Okaguchi et al.: Development and Mechanical Properties of X120 Linepipe, Proc. 13th Int.
Schwinn: Microstructure and properties of TMCP-steels, Proc. 2 nd Int.

The combined effects of the cutting force and temperature are the main factors of cutting tool failure.
Comparison of Tool Material Properties.
In this section, the mechanical properties, physical properties and chemical properties are listed in sequence of magnitude [7].
The Mechanical Properties of Tool Materials.
The Physical Properties of Cutting Tool Materials.

Priymak2,b 1 Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 M.
The cohesive stress ahead of the crack or notch tip is treated according to von Mises yield criterion as a property of the material, the applied stress and the stress biaxial ratio.
Thus, the cohesive stress ahead of the crack tip is treated according to von Mises yield criterion as a property of the material and the applied stressσas well as the stress biaxial ratiok .
The stress intensity factor at the notch tip is denoted as notch1K .
The failure assessment curve becomes progressively raised above the curve for a crack as the notch elastic stress concentration factor tK decreases (Fig. 3).

Introduction Cavitation erosion is a major failure form of fluid machineries, which seriously affects the work reliability, efficiency and lifetime.
Scientists has done a lot of works with regard to cavitation erosion mechanism[1], analysis of cavitation flow field[2], cavitation-erosion resistance of materials[3], cavitation erosion factors[4], and bubble dynamics[5], etc.
The magnetostriction apparatus is widely used as an important measure to determine the cavitation-erosion resistance properties of materials and explore the cavitation erosion mechanism.
To resolve the problem, considering the vibration with a very small amplitude, a spring-base smoothing method for all cell types with the spring constant factor of 0 was employed to update the grids in this case.
Yu, Journal of Mechanical Engineering. 47 (2011) 167-173.

(3)Subgrade bed.①The cleanliness of track bed have not yet reached the standard,the thickness of the clean ballast under the sleepers is not enough,the lot without clean ballast is relatively long,compaction caused the water can not efflux; ②Foundation containing a large amount of soil , the basis depth is below standard when laying cables; ③ Due to a variety of factors,there are a lot of soil ridge outside the track bed,forming water slot under the track bed, water can not efflux of subgrade heaving create the necessary condition.
(4) The track bed dirty occurs more serious in the frost damage place and there is the situation of ballast compaction, clay content excessive , artificial ballast exchange is not complete.After last year's statistics: frost heave deformation below 15mm took up 75%; frost heave affected the length of 10m or less accounted for 80% (Figure 2).
Analysis of the frost damage must begin with the basic elements of frost heaving departure [4-5]. 4.1 The influence of fillers on the frost heave Soil quality is the internal cause of frost heave occurring in subgrade, moisture in the soil under certain conditions, the strength of the soil frost heaving depends on Soil particle size and mineral composition, obtained through laboratory soil test bed base basic physical properties of the filler, results in the Table 1.
Table 1 Basic physical and mechanical properties of subgrade soil Particle composition（mm）/% The optimum water content /% Maximum dry density /% Liquid Limit /% Plastic limit /% Plasticity index Soil name 2~0.075 0.075~0.01 0.01~0.005 <0.005 9.7 66.7 9.3 4.3 16.8 1.67 36.8 20.6 16.7 Low liquid limit silty clay 4.2 The influence of water content on the frost heave Soil moisture is the external cause of Subgrade Frost Heave, is the key factor of subgrade freezing injury, different moisture content through the indoor track bed heave test, results in Table 2, figure 4.
The frost heave amount has exceeded the allowed range, which seriously affected the safety running of the railway. 4.3 The influence of temperature on the frost heave The frozen soil depend on the soil temperature; however, soil freezing temperature (negative temperature) depends on dispersion degree of the soil particles, water content, mineral composition and composition and concentration of aqueous solution.

Based on this study, the thickness of electrolyte layer YSZ doesn’t affect the basic characteristic of PEC but affects the efficiency of PEC significantly.
Optical properties play an important role in semiconductor of PEC which is evaluated and displayed on Fig. 4.
Grätzel, “Analysis of electron transfer properties of ZnO and TiO2 photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells,” ACS Nano, vol. 8, no. 3, hal. 2261–2268, 2014, doi: 10.1021/nn405535j
Wang, “X-ray diffraction analysis of the yttria stabilized zirconia powder by mechanical alloying and sintering,” Ceram.
Narayan, “Semipolar r-plane ZnO films on Si(100) substrates: Thin film epitaxy and optical properties,” J.

However, not all bituminous binders show properties required for utilisation in foamed bitumen.
The water content of the recycled mix was determined according to the modified Proctor test and it is the most important factor from the perspective of mixing (quality of aggregate coating by binder, binder dispersion), compaction and resulting mix properties perspective.
It can be concluded that the effect of ERm on mix properties is more dominant than that of HLT.
It is necessary to examine, how these parameters correlate with the resulting properties of cold recycled mixes.
Huang, A Study on Properties of Foamed Asphalt Treated Mixes.

Traditional engineering analysis commonly used the certainly mechanical model.
If considering the randomness of the structural material properties, element size, physical, boundary conditions, and external load etc, the fatigue life of the structure is almost impossible greater than the design life, this often lead to that the structure cannot satisfy the requirements to the design safety.
The randomness of the tower derrick component resistance is caused by the mechanical properties of materials, the variation of geometry and the uncertainty of the structural design calculation pattern.
The derrick modeling shown in Figure2, and the material properties shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Material properties of the derrick bar Elasticity modulus /Pa Poisson ratio Density /kg/m3 Yield limit /MPa Ultimate strength /MPa 2.1×1011 0.3 7850 345 470~630 Fig.2 The establishment of double derrick finite element model (1) Maximum weight of the drill string.

Table 1 shows the materials considered here, also the component to which they are assigned and the mechanical properties needed to set up the analyses.
Note that all materials are considered to be elastic and isotropic; the mechanical properties are for "medical grade" versions of these materials and they concur with ISO regulations.
The stem/ball interface was simulated to behave as "fully bonded"; convergence analyses to optimize the Normal Stiffness and the Penetration Tolerance factors were performed.
Mechanical properties of the materials for total hip replacement.
The use of zirconia properties to model the ball head yielded even lower stresses.