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Further, this technique is improved by adjusting the I-V curve at more than three points depending on the number of unknowns to be found for each model, which showed a reduction in the relative error ranging from 0.37% to 38%.
Manufacturers of PV modules provide only a few experimental data regarding the electrical and thermal characteristics of these modules.

The Zn-doped films exhibit an elevated electron Fermi level,which may enhance band bending to lower the density of empty trap states.Because of this Zn-doping,the consequent Dsscs can alleviate the decay of light to electric energy conversion efficiency due to light intensity reduction.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data were obtained with an ESCALab220i-XL electron spectrometer from VG Scientific using 300 W Al Kα radiation.

Theoretical results The simulation model (Fig. 4) with the data covering magnetic field intensity distribution along the annular fluid gap (Fig. 6) and τy/H characteristics of MRF-140CG, was utilised to determine operation characteristics of the shock absorber equipped with newly designed MR valves.
Similarly, at medium absorber’s arm velocities, ca. 67% force reduction is possible.
All sensors were connected to the ESAM Traveler data acquisition device (Fig. 8).
(a) Shock absorber test stand, (b) data acquisition system The characteristics (Fig. 9) determined based on the measurement results prove the benefits of incorporation of MR valves instead of constant-parameters spring valves.
Lord technical data, (2008)

Afterwords, cluster analysis, factor analysis, and even fuzzy mathematics were also increasingly used in comprehensive evaluation of soil nutrients with the aid of complicated data treatment[7,8,9].
Based on the research data and local practice, soil organic matter (SOM), soil total nitrogen (STN), soil total phospharus (STP), soil total potassium (STK), soil avalable nitrogen (SAN), soil available phospharus (SAP), and soil available potassium (SAK) were selected as the evaluating factors in soil nutrient evaluation.
In addition, the measured soil nutrient data were also collected within 0 to 40 cm depth in spring wheat field at harvest after two years of cultivation under RDI.
The limit values of evaluation factors in the membership function were determined through careful discussion within our research team and final approving of related specilists, accompanied by integrating of the research data collected (Table 4).
Additionally, long-term water stress resulted in little compensation growth effect in wheat plants, which obviously decreased plant dry matter accumulation and the final biomass and yield reduction, accompanied with less soil nutrient consumption.

The x-Ray data was plotted and compared using JCPDS software to determine phase changes.
a b d c Fig. 2 FESEM micrographs of cordierite sample with different magnification, (a) magnification level 100kx and view field 2.085 um, (b) magnification level 200kx and view field 1.04 um, (c) magnification level 10x and view field 20.8 um, (d) EDX data of sample Y-axis represents counts and X-axis represents energy in (KeV).
b a d c Fig. 3 FESEM micrographs of cordierite sample after immersion in HBSS with different magnification, (a) magnification level 3kx and working distance 6.3 mm, (b) magnification level 15kx, (c) magnification level 30kx, (d) EDX data of sample with weight percentage for all element in the sample.
To compute corrosion rates and tafel data, tafel plots were produced for each test.
Gao, Effect of seawater biofilms on corrosion potential and oxygen reduction of stainless steel, Corrosion, 44 (1988) 717–723

Effective diffusivity and lag time (t0) are determined based on experimental data.
Modeling results well simulate the experimental data of "constant release" stage.
Four simulations are run following the input data in Table I.
Data are extracted using Engauge Digitizer 4.1.
Based on information from these papers and extracted data, simulation and experiment data are overlaid to validate the model.

In order to ensure the safety of construction and reduction of environmental impacts while shield tunnelling, a comprehensive monitoring system was carried out during construction, which included ground settlements, displacements and deformations of installed linings and so on.
However, when in lack of detailed data, consolidation settlements may be assumed to start at an elapse time of 4~8 days after the passing of the shield tail .
However, when in lack of detailed data, consolidation settlements may be assumed to start at an elapse time of 4～8 days after the passing of the shield tail .
Acknowledgements Data collection of this work was supported by China Railway Tunnel Stock Corporation, LTD.

The paddy moisture content was assessed in a reduction from 49.96 to 15.61 MC (% d.b.) in 6 hours.
An environmental temperature was kept by a data logger all six points; as shown in Fig. 1, which is recorded at the end of one day as well as the temperature of the outside air.
(3) Experimental Setup The experimental setup consists of a solar tunnel dryer combined heat with a parabolic trough for paddy drying, 5 points of K-type thermocouple, a pyranometer for direct solar radiation measurement, a 40 liter water tank, and a data logger for data recorded as shown in Fig. 1-2.

One of its remarkable advantages is the saving of design period and the reduction of design cost.
At present, there are mainly four methods used in reverse engineering to get the commonly-used 3D geometric data, which are three-dimensional measuring machine method, laser line structure scanning, grating projection method and computer tomography [1].
It is an easy and convenient geometric data acquisition method [2], and had been paid more and more attention on both micro-parts detection and large-size parts inspection [3] - [7].
An Evaluation of Surface Roughness Parameters Measurement Using Vision-based Data.

Hydrogen also plays vital part in the reduction and activity of the catalyst; the catalyst reduces quickly in the presence of hydrogen.
It assists in reduction reaction of Fe nanoparticle which ultimately increases the catalyst (Fe) nanoparticle lifetime necessary for formation of longer CNTs [7].
In fact, thermal process without hydrogen does not allow reduction of the iron oxide to iron, or the subsequent formation of the catalyst clusters or particles.
Datas, E.