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Online since: August 2020
Authors: Paveena Wongtrakul, Punnidtha Bupphatanarat, Worrapannee Powtongsook, Chawalinee Asawahame
The LC-MS data confirmed that the two main constituents in hexane extract of cinnamon bark were coumarin and cinnamaldehyde that might play a role in antimicrobial activity.
The results were expressed as log reduction and were interpreted according to standard ISO 11930.
The reductions in term of log CFU/g were observed in the inoculated samples since one week after the beginning of the test.
Table 5 The reduction of bacterial and fungal viable cells in the carbomer gels containing various concentrations of C. burmannii hexane extract log Reduction Incubation periods 7 days 14 days 28 days Concentration of crude extracts 0.3% 1.25% 2.5% 0.3% 1.25% 2.5% 0.3% 1.25% 2.5% S. aureus TISTR 1466 (ATCC 6538) 1.83 2.13 1.29 2.85 3.48 3.93 4.04 5.92 5.92 P.aeruginosa TISTR 781 (ATCC 9027) 1.74 1.78 2.80 1.79 4.10 4.80 4.22 4.76 5.83 E. coli ATCC 7839 0.90 1.82 2.65 2.12 4.58 4.39 4.30 5.52 5.82 C. albicans TISTR 5779 (ATCC 10201) 1.85 2.87 2.83 3.36 4.69 5.01 4.30 5.52 5.01 A. brasiliensis DMST 15538 (ATCC 16404) 3.89 4.95 5.25 4.15 5.02 5.25 5.98 5.02 5.25 According to ISO 11930, a formulation is well preserved if the number of the bacteria recovered per gram is reduced by a factor of 103 (criteria A) within 7 days of the challenge test with no cell proliferation at 14th day up to the 28th day and by 103 (criteria B) within the 14th day with no cell proliferation
The results were expressed as log reduction and were interpreted according to standard ISO 11930.
The reductions in term of log CFU/g were observed in the inoculated samples since one week after the beginning of the test.
Table 5 The reduction of bacterial and fungal viable cells in the carbomer gels containing various concentrations of C. burmannii hexane extract log Reduction Incubation periods 7 days 14 days 28 days Concentration of crude extracts 0.3% 1.25% 2.5% 0.3% 1.25% 2.5% 0.3% 1.25% 2.5% S. aureus TISTR 1466 (ATCC 6538) 1.83 2.13 1.29 2.85 3.48 3.93 4.04 5.92 5.92 P.aeruginosa TISTR 781 (ATCC 9027) 1.74 1.78 2.80 1.79 4.10 4.80 4.22 4.76 5.83 E. coli ATCC 7839 0.90 1.82 2.65 2.12 4.58 4.39 4.30 5.52 5.82 C. albicans TISTR 5779 (ATCC 10201) 1.85 2.87 2.83 3.36 4.69 5.01 4.30 5.52 5.01 A. brasiliensis DMST 15538 (ATCC 16404) 3.89 4.95 5.25 4.15 5.02 5.25 5.98 5.02 5.25 According to ISO 11930, a formulation is well preserved if the number of the bacteria recovered per gram is reduced by a factor of 103 (criteria A) within 7 days of the challenge test with no cell proliferation at 14th day up to the 28th day and by 103 (criteria B) within the 14th day with no cell proliferation
Online since: July 2022
Authors: Peter Groche, Rui Zhe Li, Yu Tian Wu
The so called “wear mechanism map” is based on data gained in pin-on-disc tests [8].
The data amount and its load levels are also summarized in Table 3.
At the lowest load level of the fitting data, most of the data is located on the left side of the derived curve, indicating an overestimated tool life at low load level.
Therefore, the 19 data points are split into two parts, the data for fitting and the data for validation.
The only difference is that the data of load level 5, the lowest load level of the test data, always serve as fitting data.
The data amount and its load levels are also summarized in Table 3.
At the lowest load level of the fitting data, most of the data is located on the left side of the derived curve, indicating an overestimated tool life at low load level.
Therefore, the 19 data points are split into two parts, the data for fitting and the data for validation.
The only difference is that the data of load level 5, the lowest load level of the test data, always serve as fitting data.
Online since: June 2013
Authors: Alfredo Guemes, J. Sierra-Pérez, J. Rodellar, L. Mujica
The large amount of data produced must be automatically processed.
As result, an important dimension reduction can be obtained.
A baseline must be constructed using data for the healthy structure.
A Micron Optics Si 425 interrogator was used for data acquisition.
In the third data group (from the left to the right in Figure 7) for example, the data corresponding to the most severe damage case is closer to other data than in the other three load cases.
As result, an important dimension reduction can be obtained.
A baseline must be constructed using data for the healthy structure.
A Micron Optics Si 425 interrogator was used for data acquisition.
In the third data group (from the left to the right in Figure 7) for example, the data corresponding to the most severe damage case is closer to other data than in the other three load cases.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Fu Lai Qu, Shun Bo Zhao, Shi Min Zhang, Chang Ming Li, Peng Bing Hou
The effects of concrete strength and rebar corrosion level on the resistance of normal section are analyzed based on the test data.
A recent survey on reinforced concrete structures in China revealed that different degrees of reinforcement corrosion happened during their service lives, in which hydraulic structures are even more serious, and some of them occurred heavily with concrete spall and reinforcement sectional reduction less than thirty years after construction.
A recent survey on reinforced concrete structures in China revealed that different degrees of reinforcement corrosion happened during their service lives, in which hydraulic structures are even more serious, and some of them occurred heavily with concrete spall and reinforcement sectional reduction less than thirty years after construction.
Online since: July 2014
Authors: Jia Bin Chen, Ping Yu, Yue Zhang, Dong Xing Wang, Yue Shan
Use Keithley 4200 semiconductor instrument and Gas-sensing measurement system to analyze gas-sensing characteristic of Schottky diode device, the sensitive degree of NO2 with different density can be compared through theoretical analysis of measured current and voltage data.
Gas absorbed by PbPc can be divided into oxidizing gases (like O2 or Cl2) and reducing gases (like NH3 or CO) when considered in chemistry theoretical knowledge of oxidation reduction view, oxidizing gases is called electron acceptor, reducing gases is electron donor.
Gas absorbed by PbPc can be divided into oxidizing gases (like O2 or Cl2) and reducing gases (like NH3 or CO) when considered in chemistry theoretical knowledge of oxidation reduction view, oxidizing gases is called electron acceptor, reducing gases is electron donor.
Online since: July 2014
Authors: Yi Chu Hsu, Po Yuan Cheng, Yong Shang Liang
By studying the formation of snowflakes, scientists have found that frequency data can be stored in water.
In other words, in the process of reduction and oxidation, oxygen is transformed by the addition of an extra electron into superoxide radicals (O2-), which can easily set off a branched chain reaction [13], generating new rapidly-reacting intermediary reactants.
In other words, in the process of reduction and oxidation, oxygen is transformed by the addition of an extra electron into superoxide radicals (O2-), which can easily set off a branched chain reaction [13], generating new rapidly-reacting intermediary reactants.
Online since: March 2009
Authors: Martin Grüner, Marion Merklein
The gained data can
be used for material modelling in ABAQUS using Mohr-Coulomb or Drucker-Prager model.
A consistent use of these materials with more than 90% in the Ultralight Steel Auto Body (ULSAB) led to weight reductions of about 25% and a gain in rigidity of 80% [3].
Shear test For the numerical simulation of the behaviour of the beads it is necessary to gain data of critical shear stresses under compression leading to a plastic deformation of the bulk case.
The measured data shows a constant compression stress for the whole test and an almost linear increase in punch displacement.
MS1200 friction stress Summary Using experimental setups of soil engineering and granular material science modified for high pressures up to 100 N/mm² it is possible to gain data for numerical simulation of the behaviour of ceramics beads which are intended to be uses as medium for hydroforming at elevated temperatures up to 600 °C.
A consistent use of these materials with more than 90% in the Ultralight Steel Auto Body (ULSAB) led to weight reductions of about 25% and a gain in rigidity of 80% [3].
Shear test For the numerical simulation of the behaviour of the beads it is necessary to gain data of critical shear stresses under compression leading to a plastic deformation of the bulk case.
The measured data shows a constant compression stress for the whole test and an almost linear increase in punch displacement.
MS1200 friction stress Summary Using experimental setups of soil engineering and granular material science modified for high pressures up to 100 N/mm² it is possible to gain data for numerical simulation of the behaviour of ceramics beads which are intended to be uses as medium for hydroforming at elevated temperatures up to 600 °C.
Online since: October 2014
Authors: Hana Bedlivá, Nigel Isaacs
The construction in 2014 of a New Zealand house provides data which can be used to model performance in both countries.
Reduction of CO2: As with other plants, during its growth phase, it absorbs atmospheric CO2 by photosynthesis, trapping it in the shive and hence in the construction for the lifetime of the building. 1 ha of hemp absorbs during its growth 4 times more CO2 than the same tree forest area [4].
Table 1 briefly summarises hempcrete data: Table 1.
Hempcrete Summary Data. [6][4][5] 1 [ha] hemp field Hemp from 1 [ha] = 8 [t] hemp Shiv from 1 [ha] = 4,8 [t] shiv Hemp from 1 [ha] = 18 [t] CO2 absorbed Shiv from 1 [ha] = 10 [t] CO2 absorbed 1 [m3] hempcrete wall 110 [kg] hemp shiv 202 [kg] CO2 absorbed 220 [kg] lime binder 94 [kg] CO2 emitted Summary for a small house 108 [kg] CO2 absorbed Benefit of substitution of traditional brick wall by hempcrete [1m2] wall A traditional brick and block wall emits in its construction 100 [kg/m2] CO2 A 300 [mm] Hempcrete wall absorbs in its construction -40 [kg/m2] CO2 Nett benefit 140 [kg/m2] CO2 Typical house Typical house the wall area = 140 [m2] Equates to = 20 [t] CO2 For a typical house the embodied carbon dioxide 50 [t] CO2 Carbon dioxide saving 40% Material properties Table 2 compares hempcrete properties with those of a number of other building materials.
Reduction of CO2: As with other plants, during its growth phase, it absorbs atmospheric CO2 by photosynthesis, trapping it in the shive and hence in the construction for the lifetime of the building. 1 ha of hemp absorbs during its growth 4 times more CO2 than the same tree forest area [4].
Table 1 briefly summarises hempcrete data: Table 1.
Hempcrete Summary Data. [6][4][5] 1 [ha] hemp field Hemp from 1 [ha] = 8 [t] hemp Shiv from 1 [ha] = 4,8 [t] shiv Hemp from 1 [ha] = 18 [t] CO2 absorbed Shiv from 1 [ha] = 10 [t] CO2 absorbed 1 [m3] hempcrete wall 110 [kg] hemp shiv 202 [kg] CO2 absorbed 220 [kg] lime binder 94 [kg] CO2 emitted Summary for a small house 108 [kg] CO2 absorbed Benefit of substitution of traditional brick wall by hempcrete [1m2] wall A traditional brick and block wall emits in its construction 100 [kg/m2] CO2 A 300 [mm] Hempcrete wall absorbs in its construction -40 [kg/m2] CO2 Nett benefit 140 [kg/m2] CO2 Typical house Typical house the wall area = 140 [m2] Equates to = 20 [t] CO2 For a typical house the embodied carbon dioxide 50 [t] CO2 Carbon dioxide saving 40% Material properties Table 2 compares hempcrete properties with those of a number of other building materials.
Online since: October 2010
Authors: Claudio Modena, Elena Simonato, F. Lorenzoni, F. Casarin, A. Lionello, Maria Rosa Valluzzi
A non linear numerical model
of the church-tower complex was implemented and compared to the outcomes of the available
experimental data (monitoring, investigations), also considering the historical process leading to the
present day conditions.
Execution of the structural joint (c) Information on the trend of settlements during historical phases that have characterized the building's life emerged from historical documents and surveys and it was used as input data for numerical analyses.
Table 2: Comparison of the tensional state between experimental data and numerical results Single flat-jack test Experimen tal σV [MPa] FEM σV [MPa] Positions of test FEM Tower base M1 M2 M12 1.92 1.70 M3 M4 1.44 0.71 Column's top M5 1.76 1.96 M6 M7 3.12 3.12 Masonry panel M1_P 0.00 0.06 M2_P 0.09 0.09 M3_P 0.63 0.97 M4_P 0.95 1.34 M6_P 0.72 1.21 (a) (b) Figure 5: Development of principal compressive stresses before (a) and after (b) the intervention: the component of compression is considerably reduced after the execution of the structural joint.
The outcomes of the FEA confirm that the structural intervention improve considerably the global static condition of the building and in particular it has been revealed: - a considerable reduction of the load on the church's column, estimated in about 800 kN (-17%); - a correspondent increase of loads and stresses at tower's base (+17%); - a return to the original static situation of the building in which the two structures were structurally more independent (Lorenzoni 2009).
Execution of the structural joint (c) Information on the trend of settlements during historical phases that have characterized the building's life emerged from historical documents and surveys and it was used as input data for numerical analyses.
Table 2: Comparison of the tensional state between experimental data and numerical results Single flat-jack test Experimen tal σV [MPa] FEM σV [MPa] Positions of test FEM Tower base M1 M2 M12 1.92 1.70 M3 M4 1.44 0.71 Column's top M5 1.76 1.96 M6 M7 3.12 3.12 Masonry panel M1_P 0.00 0.06 M2_P 0.09 0.09 M3_P 0.63 0.97 M4_P 0.95 1.34 M6_P 0.72 1.21 (a) (b) Figure 5: Development of principal compressive stresses before (a) and after (b) the intervention: the component of compression is considerably reduced after the execution of the structural joint.
The outcomes of the FEA confirm that the structural intervention improve considerably the global static condition of the building and in particular it has been revealed: - a considerable reduction of the load on the church's column, estimated in about 800 kN (-17%); - a correspondent increase of loads and stresses at tower's base (+17%); - a return to the original static situation of the building in which the two structures were structurally more independent (Lorenzoni 2009).