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Edgar, “Alginate derivatization: A review of chemistry, properties and applications,” Biomaterials, vol.33, no. 11, pp.3279–3305, 2012
Guo, “Preparation and Properties of a Novel Sodium Alginate Microcapsule,” J.
Dai, “Influence of different divalent ions cross-linking sodium alginate-polyacrylamide hydrogels on antibacterial properties and wound healing,” Carbohydr.
Russo, “Synergistic effect of divalent cations in improving technological properties of cross-linked alginate beads,” Int.
Sharma, “Hydrogels for potential food application: Effect of sodium alginate and calcium chloride on physical and morphological properties,” ~ 142 ~ Pharma Innov.

One of the best known is the PHAs poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a thermoplastic material which has physical and mechanical properties comparable to those of isotactic PP.
The nanoclays have been incorporated into biodegradable polymers because, besides maintaining biodegradability, they act as mechanical reinforcement and can decrease the permeability to water vapor [7-8].
Taking into account the factors set out above, and considering the great importance of nanocomposites in various applications, the present study aimed to develop nanocomposites based biodegradable polymer PHB and vermiculite clay by merge method in the molten state.
A fill factor of 70% was used in all cases and the mixer was operated at 170° C and 50 rpm for 10 minutes.
Figure 2: X-ray diffraction patterns for pure PHB and PHB Nat systems It is observed that the systems PHB Nat exhibit prominent peaks in the same region of PHB 2θ (10 to 30°), with no observed change in the crystalline structure of the polymer, this result indicates that the crystalline structure of the polymer was not affected by the addition of clay.

The experimental results indicate that the proposed mathematical models suggested could adequately describe the performance indicators within the limits of the factors that are being investigated.
Design and methods such as factorial design, response surface methodology (RSM) and Taguchi methods are now widely use in place of one-factor-at-a-time experimental approach which is time consuming and exorbitant in cost.
RSM is a dynamic and foremost important tool of design of experiment (DOE), wherein the relationship between response(s) of a process with its input decision variables is mapped to achieve the objective of maximization or minimization of the response properties [3].
Cutting conditions in coded factors and the surface roughness values obtained using TiN coated cemented carbide insert are presented in Table 2.
The contours affirm that surface roughness can be affected by the feed and axial depth of cut.

Therefore, mechanical behavior of aluminum alloys has been both experimentally and numerically studied extensively at elevated temperatures [1-5].
Selection of appropriate constitutive laws and use of accurate material parameters for material of interest are critically important factors affecting the reliability of numerical analyses [6-8].
Geometric properties of the bulge tests for AA5754 sheet metal To take advantage of symmetry, quarter of the part was modeled in finite element simulations.
Mechanical properties for AA 5754-O sheet blank such as Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio and density were acquired from literature as 68 GPa, 0.33 and 2.66 g/cm3, respectively.
Die opening geometry (circular or elliptical) was found to be significantly affecting dome height, and sheet blank thinning.

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to examine thermal properties while the crystallinity was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD).
But recently, PLA has been focused on packaging application where PLA has to have suitable mechanical and physical properties accompanied by high molecular weight.
Thermal properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC, DSC 204 F1 Phoenix) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA, TGA/SDTA 851e).
(a) Fig 1 : 1H-NMR spectra of (a) succinic anhydride (b) hydroxylated prepolymer (c) chain-extended PLA Physical properties.
However, amount of succinic anhydride was not the only effective factor to increase molecular weight of PLA, when molar ratio between hydroxylated prepolymer and succinic anhydride was increased from 1:1 to 1:5, the increament of molecular weight of chain-extended PLA was slow, approximately 47% of weight increasing was obtained, implying that other factors such as reaction temperature and time should be considered.

The alloy surface was modified using a hydroxyapatite powder mixed EDM, and the effects of the process factors on the responses of the modified surface have been examined in light of the usability of 316L steel in the production of various biomedical devices [7].
When designing experiments with cryo-cooled (CC) electrodes, Taguchi's L18 orthogonal array has been used, taking into account input factors including current, duty cycle, fast capacitance level, and gap voltage.
Tables 1 and 2 respectively display the material's chemical composition and properties.
Electrode properties of the parent material Material Density [Kg/m3] Thermal conductivity [W/Mk] Melting point [⸰C] Specific heat capacity [J/g⸰C] Brass 8490 158 900 0.380 Experimental set-up.
Conclusion This work presents potential scientific innovation as methods to increase various non-traditional micromachining procedures and cryogenic treatments to improve the mechanical properties and material microstructure of advanced engineering materials continue to be an area of relevant research.

The effects of the various processes on the microstructure, and hence the properties, of alloys must be understood in order to produce high-quality materials and components efficiently and reliably.
On the other hand, a larger sampling volume provides true bulk averaging of material properties.
Texture analysis The crystallographic texture developed during a given forming process has a strong influence on the final material properties, as well as on the response of the material to further forming and shaping processes.
Process models, which predict the microstructure, texture and properties of aluminum alloys at each stage of the manufacturing process, are currently under development [6-9].
In these early stages individual diffraction peaks can be selected and their expected intensities calculated based on crystal structure factors, through which the volume fractions can be determined.

To enhance the quality of H-beams, factors such as the shape of rolling grooves, flow characteristics of the material, friction coefficients between the roller and work-piece and the thermal field of work-piece, must be considered.
Microstructure and Property on the Cross-section, Web Fracture and Wave Microstructure and Property The material of workpiece is Q235B (Carbon structural steel).
And the residual compressive stress affected regions along the flange thickness direction will be expanded.
China Mechanical Engineering, 2007.7, 14(18):1747-1751
[2] ZHU Guoming, KANG Yonglin, CHEN Wei, MA Guangting. 3D Thermal Mechanical Coupled Elasto-plastic Finite Element Analysis in the Whole Rolling Process of H-beam.

It was established how aluminum and nitrogen content in the liquid metal solution affects the composition and amount of separated excess phases.
Introduction Boron steel has drawn more and more attention because of its advantages in environmental protection and good mechanical properties, which will have a promising application prospect.
The solubilities of oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen in the liquid metal solution decrease with the temperature, a factor that gives rise to nonmetallic inclusions.
It was established how the aluminum and titanium content in the liquid metal solution affects the composition and amount of the separated excess phases.

In addition, UMAT must provide the material Jacobian matrix,, for the mechanical constitutive model.
The most important task in time-dependent analysis procedure was to develop the necessary software to input the creep model and the elastic-plastic properties of concrete through the UMAT user subroutine provided in ABAQUS.
And the computed values were in good agreement with the measured ones and well reflected the time-dependent behavior of the prestressed concrete beams. [20] Time-dependent Finite Element Parametric Analysis Various factors affect the long-term behavior of prestressed concrete beams, including load factors and non-load factors.
A time-dependent finite element parametric study was performed to investigate how the factors influenced the long-term deformation of prestressed concrete beams.
Cao, et al, Long-term Deformation of Prestressed Concrete Beams with Ballastless Track and Its Influencing Factors, Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), 42,6(2011), 1756-1763