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Present Scenario Rail coach and wagon manufacturing industries witnesses, the annual growth rate of 7 to 8%.These industries rollout 1200 number of stainless steel coaches and 10000 stainless steel wagons per annum.
When welding stainless steel a stringer bead technique shall be used with a slight oscillation if necessary to avoid entrapper slag and minimize the number of beads needed to fill a joint.
A large number of small tack welds should be used.
Grain boundary carbide precipitation leads to intergranular corrosion.
It is a preferential attack at the grain boundaries of a SS, generally a result of sensitization.

In Kopalinsky's work, the contact length was used to quantify several grinding parameters, including the contact area of wheel and workpiece, the size of the heat source and the size of the heat flux of rubbing for calculating the grinding temperatures, the size of a set of active grains on the wheel in contact with the workpiece simultaneously in grinding and the time it took for the set to enter the contact region, the number of active cutting edges in the grinding contact area and the number of active rubbing points in the grinding contact area, and the contact time of individual active cutting grains with the workpiece, which demonstrated the importance of the contact length in the analysis of grinding processes.
And consequently the number of active cutting edges in the grinding contact area becomes 26 instead of 14.
Table 2 Comparison of the results based on different contact length models x based on lc, Eq.(1) y based on lg, Formula (1a) x/y Contact length 3.49 mm 1.88 mm 1.855 Contact area 10.5 mm 2 5.64 mm 2 1.855 Number of active edges 26 14 1.855 Maximum grinding temperature [16] ( ) cw w we lckv av T 1Re2.1 max         = ρ ( ) gw w we lckv av T 1Re2.1 max         = ρ 0.734 Conditions used in the analysis [18]: Workpiece martial: En9; Grinding wheel: WA46J with diameter ds of 177 mm; Depth of cut ae: 0.02 mm; Width of cut b: 3 mm: Wheel speed vs: 40 m/s; Workpiece speed vw: 0.5 m/s; Fn': 10 N/mm; Ks: 6.16 10-6 mm2/N; Kw: 1.36 10-6 mm2/N: Rr = 9 Figure 5 is an overview of the contours of rc-g covering a full range of grinding conditions, from fine grinding, shallow grinding, creep-feed grinding to high speed grinding (i.e. q is from 50 to 10000 and ae is from 0.001 to 50 mm).
In summary, an increase of grinding wheel wear and dullness during grinding processes means not only an increase in the area of the wear flats on its grains, an increase in the negative rake angle of the cutting edges as highlighted by Kopalinsky [18], but also a decrease in the real contact length.

The intensity and number of diffraction peaks mainly depend on the amount of corresponding phases.
The band positions and number of absorption peaks are depending on crystalline structure and chemical composition.
The number of peaks in the emission spectrum represents the wavelength of emission.
High frequency semi-circle corresponds to grain resistance (Rg) and low frequency semi-circle corresponds to grain boundary resistance (Rgb).
FTIR spectra depict the band positions and numbers of absorption peaks are depending on the crystalline structure and chemical composition.

The number and orientation of shear planes depend primarily on the number and the concentration of the oxygen vacancies.
With a radius of the Ti4+-ion in the titanium oxides of 0,61 Å (1 Å equals 10 nm) and a co-ordination number of 6 [16] besides Cr3+ primarily (Al, CO, Fe, Nb, Ni, Mn, Mo, Sn, Ta, V, W, Zr) - cations of different valence come into consideration.
The approach of obtaining coating systems of Andersson-type phase content by mixing two oxide ceramics in the plasma requires knowledge about the grain size of the powders being used.
Therefore the SPS process seems to be suitable particularly to mix a larger number of oxide ceramic systems in the plasma and to examine the resulting phase content concerning its suitability regarding the requirements.
Birringer: Estimating Grain-Size Distributions in #anocrystalline Materials from X-ray Diffraction Profile Analysis, Phil.

However, large numbers of seeds in the fruit affects its edibility and value.
The number of chloroplasts was counted in 5 stoma protective cells of each mutant.
The number of homologous tetraploid plantlets was 46, two methods of identifying coincidence rate was 93.88 %.
Determination of the number of chloroplast in stomatal guard cells.Studys showed that the number of chloroplasts in stomatal guard cells (NCSGC) in the diploid watermelon was less than 15, and that the number in the tetraploid was greater than or equal to 15, NCSGC could be used to predict plant ploidy.
Confirmation of tetraploids is usually made by chromosome counts, comparing the size of the pollen grains, and the number of colpi.

In addition, where porous materials are taken into account, the preferential orientation of the beads or grains of the porous structure are often neglected.
If the number of iteration most be minimized and faster convergence is to be achieved, then the product εt=4.7.
As a result, the porous medium becomes isotropic a=1 and the effect of the preferential orientation of the grain beads of the porous passages on the fluid flow becomes insignificant.
At the cold and static plate however, Nusselt number increases with thermal stratification parameter S as seen in figs. 12.0(b) and 13.0(b).
Fedorovich, Prandtl number dependence of unsteady natural convection along a vertical plate in a stably stratified fluid.

Table 1 The index system of sustainable development assessment for Hydroelectric power resettlement Target Layer Standard Layer Index Layer The sustainable development level for Hydroelectric power resettlement The Sustainable Development of Population Population Structure Labor force of the total population Proportion of old age Population Quality Enrolment rate for children of school age Average schooling for labor force Average skill training per year for labor force The Sustainable Development of Economic Employment Idle time per year for labor force Non-agricultural employment rate Income Net income Proportion of non-agricultural income Net income growth rate Proportion of poor families Expense TV sets per hundred householders The Engel coefficient) Deposit Deposit per migrant The Sustainable Development of Resources Quality of resource input and output Grain output per person Grain output per unit area Reproduction rate Quantity of resource Cultivated land area per person Irrigated
land per person The Sustainable Development of Environment Living condition Living space per capita Proportion of steel-concrete combined house Number of dangerous houses Number of person in danger area Infrastructure Facility Number of water user Proportion of electric user Distance of the nearest road Convenience of public transportation Public Facility Classroom space per student Distance of nearest school Distance of nearest hospital The hospital beds per capita in village Proportion of telephone users Distance of nearest village fair The Sustainable Development of Social Mental state and its adjustment Adaption condition in living space Return migrants rate Resettlement blending Clashes frequency per year for migrants Community with friends Neighbor’s help Village organization Rural organization Play a big role The Sustainable Development of Population for migrants is composed of population structure and quality.

Samples’ number No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 Composition proportions 75% Cr; 25% Ni 50% Cr; 50% Ni 25% Cr; 75% Ni Sample preparation.
Fig.8 is a relationship of the crack length on the number of thermal cycles.
Fig.7 Number variation of thermal fatigue cracks with thermal cycles increasing.
Though microstructure of non-smooth unit obtained by laser melting has characteristics of none graphite phase and refined grain sizes, which can improve thermal fatigue resistance of samples, it is still worse than that treated by laser surface alloying of CrNi.
The non-smooth unit is strengthened by the solid solution, the alloyed eutectic carbide and the grain refinement.

Red numbers show the analysed phases Fig. 1. shows the microstructure of the hammer axe.
The microstructure consists of large-sized (~100–200µm) grains intercepted by twin boundaries.
A very low number of inclusions with high lead content (fig. 1. point no.4.) were also found in the microstructure.
It can be clearly seen that both the size of grains and the dendrite arm spacing is very small, which refers to rapid cooling after the casting process.
It is well visible on the structure of the particles that the structure is composed of very tiny equiaxial particles, and a large number of twin boundaries can be seen.

A growing number of new material joining technologies used in practice result in the fatigue life of welds being similar to that of the parent material.
In addition, a proper selection of welding parameters results in a close-grained structure.
Both the narrow HAZ and the close-grained structure have a positive impact on the strength of the weld, particularly in case of time-varying loads.
Fig. 3, Fatigue test sample taken from: a) parent material (P_00), b) welded plates (P_02 and P_11) Research results The number of cycles to destruction was recorded during the tests.
Therefore, the number of the results for the parent material was increased and the statistical analysis was carried out again and an equation was determined for the parent material: logσ = -0.0995·logN + 3.088. (1) a) b) c) Fig. 5, Examples of hysteresis loops determined for the samples taken from the joints: a) P_02_03 loaded with 0.57·Rp0.2, b) P_11_04 loaded with 0.57·Rp0.2 and c) P_02_06 loaded with 0.66·Rp0.2 Fig. 6, Statistical results of the tests To compare the fatigue life of the parent material with that of the samples taken from the P_02 and P_11 joints with cracks within the weld, the same slope of a = -0.995 (determined for the parent material) was adopted for all the three diagrams.