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Mechanical properties of DP steels depend on a number of parameters including the strength, morphology and volume fraction of the constituent phases [3-8].
The strength of ferrite is controlled by the steel chemistry and its grain size [9] while the martensite properties depend on its carbon concentration [3,4,9,10] and its scale [11].
The martensite grain structure in low heating rate steels forms an almost complete fine scale network lying on ferrite grain boundaries whereas the martensite islands in DP steels produced at high heating rate (100 ºC/sec) are larger and mostly banded.

These intermetallics were not limited to the bond interface, but formed along the grain boundaries and were observed to a distance of 80 µm inside the magnesium alloy.
The trace shows a number of peaks that correspond to the microstructural developments that were observed at the joint region (see Fig. 1 and 3).
This result is consistent with metallographic observations which did not show any change in grain size at regions adjacent to the bonded interface.
In contrast, the intermetallics were dispersed throughout the joint for the AZ31/Ni/316L bonds and were observed at grain boundaries within the magnesium alloy.

It is apparent in the literature that there has been very limited number of study that deal with the quantitative analysis involving the use of empirical formulas in describing the relationship between the capacitance and surface area of electrode, particularly the SSA determined from the X-ray diffraction data [20, 21, 22].
The EFB fibers were first carbonized at low temperature to produce pre-carbonized EFB fibers, followed by grinding, milling and sieving to produce self-adhesive carbon grains (SACG) [27].
Young ’ s modulus of carbon from self-adhesive carbon grain of oil palm bunches.
Electrical and mechanical properties of carbon pellets from acid (HNO3) treated self-adhesive carbon grain from oil palm empty fruit bunch.

Films with amorphous structure have σd ~ 10-10-10-9 Ω -1cm-1 while those with a measured crystalline fraction have σd ~ 10-7-10-5 Ω -1cm-1, depending on the amount of crystalline fraction and grain size.
This constraint severely reduces the number of candidate materials for substrate, with most common choices typically falling on glass or stainless steel.
The average grain size calculated from XRD spectra (not shown) of nanocrystalline samples was ~30 nm.
Films with amorphous structure have σd ~ 10-10 -10-9 Ω -1cm-1 while those with crystalline fraction detected by Raman have σd ~ 10-7-10-5 Ω -1cm-1, depending on their crystalline fraction and grain size.

The reason of the XRD peaks broadening is attributed to the refinement of grain size.
Fig. 5a shows the SEM image of Ni0 after phase transformation, as can be seen from Fig.5a the grain size of products are homogeneous and is about 70-80 nanometers with no obvious aggregation observed.
After a certain activation time as milling reduces the particle size, it would thoroughly mix the components and increases the number of chemically active defect.
The grain size of products are homogeneous and is about 70-80 nanometers and no obvious aggregation is observed.

This is attributed to changes in the material removal mechanism between the two grains.
If the rotational speed of grinding wheel is increased, ground surface roughness is improved because grain effects affecting the circumference direction of workpiece are decreased.
In general, as the grit size decreases, the number of active cutting edges per unit area on the wheel surface increases, so the spacing between active cutting points reduces.
After rough grinding at feed rates increased from 0.5mm/min to 3.0mm/min using the grinding wheel of 20µm grain size, surface roughness was badly affected.

Introduction Titanium and its alloys demonstrate specific features which make them since many years promising materials for a number of application.
From the surface to the alloy bulk, following zones may be distinguished: · Small grain zone of varied thickness, with numerous crystals of titanium nitride sized up to 14 mm, and microhardness up to 2650 HV0.05, · Locally observed zone saturated with nitrogen, of average microhardness 1440 HV0.05, · Zone with dendritic needle precipitates, of thickness dominating in the whole layer, and average microhardness 850 HV0.05, · Zone possessing columnar structure of previous β phase including very small precipitates of the α' martensitic phase, of average microhardness 715 HV0.05, · Heat affected zone (transient zone) of a small thickness, with a few small grains likely a phase, of microhardness ranged between 480 HV0.05 to 370 HV0.05 at the 1.65 mm depth (hardness of a base material was 370-410 HV0.05).
Wear depth of remelted Ti alloy; results for three tests and mean value (cross line) The laser treatment of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy in cryogenic conditions results at these conditions in relatively thick and hard surface layer originated from the appearance of very small grains, nanograins and amorphous structure, and an appearance of oxydes, nitrides and oxynitrides, as shown in another research.

Techniques such as X-ray lithography, electroforming, micro-moulding and exciter laser ablation are used for the production of micro components out of silicon, polymer and a limited number of pure metals or binary alloys.
Typically, grain growth and densification occur during sintering, both of which affect the final properties[7].
Sintering is often devided into three stages charactered by the micro structural changes ranging from contacting particles to neck growth, pore coalescence and finally pore shrinkage and grain growth.
Each stage is progressively changed in term of neck size, pore size and grain size[17].Fig.10 shows the morphology of the samples sintered by using three schedules.

While it is conceded that there are a number of characterization efforts done with regards to amang originating from the Kinta Valley, work that couples the chemical and physical characterization with mineral liberation studies and mineralogical assessments are scarce.
The similar specimens were also viewed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (FESEM/EDX) (model Zeiss Supra 35VP-24-58), where the EDX analysis may provide ample confirmation of the mineral/grain identified under the microscope.
The brownish colour of the grains may be due to high content of iron in the sample and can be confirmed from the optical observations or XRD/XRF analyses.
In any case, this may reflect on the mineral liberation conditions with the finer particles may have better liberation due to elimination of weak planes between mineral grains.

TB movement is inhibited significantly by the grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials; thus, researchers have also applied annealing for grain growth [6 - 8], compression [3, 9], and matching the grain and sample size [10] to enable high MFIS in polycrystalline Ni-Mn-Ga.
Gallium sulfate, nickel sulfate, and manganese sulfate were formed as shown in Eq. 5 - 7. 2Ga + 3H2SO4→Ga2(SO4)3+3H2↑ (5) Fig. 3: Dissolution rate of Ni-Mn-Ga denoted by the green numbers, mg/min based on the chemical composition of the etchant Ni+H2SO4 → NiSO4+H2↑(green) (6) Mn+H2SO4 → MnSO4+H2↑(yellow) (7) Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4•5H2O), a bright blue crystalline solid, is a hydrate and a metal sulfate that contains copper (II) sulfate.